Elastic compression in the prevention of venous stasis

Lewis, Charles E.; Antoine, John E.; Mueller, Charles; Talbot, William A.; Swaroop, Ram; Edwards, W. Sterling

doi:10.1016/0002-9610(76)90447-5

Cited by 73 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Pain increased for some participants in the second half of the run that began as a dull ache and progressed to numbness or 'pins and needles'. This may have been due to the excessive compression around the foot which may have impeded blood flow (Lewis et al 1976). Anecdotal comments from the athletes indicated they felt that the HI-GCS impeded their ability to maintain a steady pace.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological effects of wearing graduated compression stockings during running

Ali

Creasy²,

Edge

2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This study examined the effect of wearing different grades of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on physiological and perceptual measures during and following treadmill running in competitive runners. Nine males and one female performed three 40-min treadmill runs (80 +/- 5% maximal oxygen uptake) wearing either control (0 mmHg; CON), low (12-15 mmHg; LO-GCS), or high (23-32 mmHg; HI-GCS) grade GCS in a double-blind counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were measured. Perceptual scales were used pre- and post-run to assess comfort, tightness and any pain associated with wearing GCS. Changes in muscle function, soreness and damage were determined pre-run, immediately after running and 24 and 48 h post-run by measuring creatine kinase and myoglobin, counter-movement jump height, perceived soreness diagrams, and pressure sensitivity. There were no significant differences between trials for oxygen uptake, heart rate or blood lactate during exercise. HI-GCS was perceived as tighter (P < 0.05) and more pain-inducing (P < 0.05) than the other interventions; CON and LO-GCS were rated more comfortable than HI-GCS (P < 0.05). Creatine kinase (P < 0.05), myoglobin (P < 0.05) and jump height (P < 0.05) were higher and pressure sensitivity was more pronounced (P < 0.05) immediately after running but not after 24 and 48 h. Only four participants reported muscle soreness during recovery from running and there were no differences in muscle function between trials. In conclusion, healthy runners wearing GCS did not experience any physiological benefits during or following treadmill running. However, athletes felt more comfortable wearing low-grade GCS whilst running.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological effects of wearing graduated compression stockings during running

Ali

Creasy²,

Edge

2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Mechanisms by which GCS prevent DVT are still not completely understood, though various authors have described definite physiological changes after their use [3][4][5][6]13]. Early studies using in-vivo dye and radioactive isotopes demonstrated their effect in decreasing venous stasis [3,4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies usmg radioactive isotopes have confirmed the reduction in transit time between the foot and the femoral vein produced by appropriately tailored GCS [4]. Increased blood velocity and, in addition, faster clearance of the contrast medium from the veins and from behind the venous valve cusps during venography have been demonstrated in legs fitted with GCS [5). The development of non-invasive methods has made it possible to investigate the effect of GCS on venous blood flow more broadly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Effect of Graded Compression Stockings on Blood Flow in the Lower Limb: An Assessment with Colour Doppler Ultrasound

1999

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Objectives: To assess the physiological effect of lowpressure graded compression stockings (GCS) on the blood flow of the lower limb with the use of colour Doppler.Design: A randomised controlled study. Setting: X-ray Department in a teaching hospital. Patients: Forty-five healthy, adult, voluntary subjects. ethod: Subjects were randomised into three groups to either wear thigh-or knee-length GCS of the same type or no stockings. The diameter and cross-sectional area of the femoral and popliteal veins and the peak venous velocities were measured with colour Doppler before the application of GCS and after 20 min bed rest with the stockings in situ.Results: Measurements showed a significant increase of the peak velocity in the femoral vein with thigh-length GCS (p < 0.002). There was a significant decrease of the popliteal vein diameter and cross-sectional area with thigh-length GCS (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the knee-length GCS group and the control group, in which patients did not wear stockings. A paired t-test was used to determine the significance of the changes.onclusions: Thigh-length GCS have an effect of Increasing venous peak velocity in the femoral vein, hence decreasing venous stasis. Furthermore, they decrease the dilatation of the popliteal vein, which may reduce the risk of intimal tears occurring, which contribute to venous thrombogenesis. Other methods can given more information in assessing the effect of various lengths of stocking on venous stasis.

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“…Patients should be encouraged to use stockings consistently and indefinitely. As with compression dressings, stockings are designed to have the highest pressure at the ankle and the lowest pressure at the calf or thigh to enable increased venous return (33–36) and prevent venous thrombosis (37–42). Three classes of stockings are used for venous disease and may help avoid recurrence: class 1 stockings deliver light support and are used primarily for varicose veins; class 2 stockings give medium support for the treatment of more severe varicose veins and the prevention of venous ulcers; and class 3 stockings provide strong support needed to treat severe varicose veins and severe venous hypertension and to prevent venous ulcers (FIG.…”

Section: Treatment Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compression modalities and dressings: their use in venous ulcers

Sackheim¹,

Araujo

Kirsner

2006

Dermatol Ther

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Among the standard of care for venous ulcer treatment are the use of compression therapy to reverse the effect of venous hypertension and the use of occlusive dressings to maintain a moist wound-healing environment and for treatment of abnormalities of the ulcer bed. The use of multilayered elastic bandages for compression in patients with normal arterial flow currently provides the treatment with the highest level of evidence for treatment of venous ulcers. Additionally, treatment of the ulcer bed, especially with cadexemer iodine dressings, is also supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials, whereas newer dressings provide less well proven alternative opportunities to speed the healing of venous ulcers.

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Elastic compression in the prevention of venous stasis

Cited by 73 publications

References 11 publications

Physiological effects of wearing graduated compression stockings during running

Physiological effects of wearing graduated compression stockings during running

The Physiological Effect of Graded Compression Stockings on Blood Flow in the Lower Limb: An Assessment with Colour Doppler Ultrasound

Compression modalities and dressings: their use in venous ulcers

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