Elastic Modulus of Polypyrrole Nanotubes

Cuenot, Stéphane; Demoustier‐Champagne, Sophie; Nysten, Bernard

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.1690

Cited by 215 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…74,75 Cuenot et al 9,74 interpreted abrupt increase in the Young's modulus of nano-objects by using the ''nanoobject ¼ bulk þ surface'' ansatz. This approach was based on the fact that the total energy, U, of a deformed nanofiber or nanotube includes the surface energy, which results in an increase of Young's modulus for small diameters.…”

Section: Mechanical Interpretation Based On Influence Of Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Surface Influence on the Elastic Properties of Nanoobjects Theoretical models incorporating the free surface energy into the continuum theory of mechanics have been suggested 61,75 for explaining the size-dependent elastic behavior of the nanoscale objects (i.e., particles, wires, and films). In traditional continuum mechanics, such surface free surface energy is typically neglected, as it is associated with only a few layers of atoms near the surface, which occupy a minor percentage of the total volume of material of interest.…”

Section: Mechanical Interpretation Based On Influence Of Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Polymer nanofibers are intrinsically different from common bulk in that they demonstrate size-dependent behavior, a wellknown phenomenon frequently observed in nano-objects. Experimental studies have demonstrated the effect of size on the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of nano-objects, as seen with the elastic moduli of hollow fibers 9 and electrospun nanofibers, [10][11][12][13][14] which sharply increase below a certain fiber diameter, as well as shifts in object melting temperatures. 15,16 Similarly, thickness and surface interactions of ultrathin polymer films (the film thickness is in the order of 2R g of a polymer chain, or less) highly influence their glass transition and melting temperatures, [17][18][19] polymer dynamics in the glassy state, 20 crystallization kinetics and degree of crystallinity, [21][22][23] phase behavior, 24 and morphology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Arinstein

Zussman

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

138

103

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This article reviews and discusses some open problems concerning polymer materials of reduced sizes and dimensions. Such objects exhibit exceptional physical properties when compared with their macroscopic counterparts. More specifically, abrupt increases in polymer nanofiber elastic modulus have been observed when diameters drop below a certain value. In addition, temperature dependence of elastic modulus is highly influenced by fiber diameter. Mechanical (macroscopic) analyses have failed to provide satisfactory explanations for the mechanisms ruling such features, calling for detailed microscopic examination of the systems in question. A hypothesis bridging the current knowledge gaps is presented. The key element of this hypothesis is based on confinement of the supermolecular microstructure of polymer nanofibers and its dominant role in the deformation process. This suggestion challenges the commonly held view suggesting that surface effects are the most significant parameters impacting mechanical and thermodynamic nanofiber behaviors. The review will focus on the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of electrospun polymer nanofibers, selected as representatives of nanoscale polymer objects.

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Section: Mechanical Interpretation Based On Influence Of Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Interpretation Based On Influence Of Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Arinstein

Zussman

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

138

103

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“…12 Furthermore, such local measurements do not provide input about the dominant mode of deformation and failure of nanofibers in their expected application which is axial stretching. Three-point-bending 12,13 and cantilever bending 14 tests on nanofibers and nanowires have also been reported. These measurements may provide a mean to study the linearly elastic response of a fiber 12,13 and its yield point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel method for mechanical characterization of polymeric nanofibers

Naraghi

Chasiotis

Kahn

et al. 2007

Review of Scientific Instruments

124

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A novel method to perform nanoscale mechanical characterization of highly deformable nanofibers has been developed. A microelectromechanical system ͑MEMS͒ test platform with an on-chip leaf-spring load cell that was tuned with the aid of a focused ion beam was built for fiber gripping and force measurement and it was actuated with an external piezoelectric transducer. Submicron scale tensile tests were performed in ambient conditions under an optical microscope. Engineering stresses and strains were obtained directly from images of the MEMS platform, by extracting the relative rigid body displacements of the device components by digital image correlation. The accuracy in determining displacements by this optical method was shown to be better than 50 nm. In the application of this method, the mechanical behavior of electrospun polyacrylonitrite nanofibers with diameters ranging from 300 to 600 nm was investigated. The stress-strain curves demonstrated an apparent elastic-perfectly plastic behavior with elastic modulus of 7.6± 1.5 GPa and large irreversible strains that exceeded 220%. The large fiber stretch ratios were the result of a cascade of periodic necks that formed during cold drawing of the nanofibers.

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“…Regardless of the details of specific formulation, it is common that non-local model introduces characteristic length (or time) which is inherent to the inner material structure. This new material parameter can be measured directly from experiment, determined from experiments via inverse analysis, or derived theoretically from micromechanics [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Nowadays there are many concepts dealing with non-local formulations, like general non-local theories [17,18], strain-gradient theories [2,19], micropolar theories [20,21] or theories of material surfaces [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractional calculus for continuum mechanics – anisotropic non-locality

Sumelka¹

2016

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

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Abstract. In this paper, a generalisation of previous author's formulation of fractional continuum mechanics for the case of anisotropic non-locality is presented. The discussion includes a review of competitive formulations available in literature. The overall concept is based on the fractional deformation gradient which is non-local due to fractional derivative definition. The main advantage of the proposed formulation is its structure, analogous to the general framework of classical continuum mechanics. In this sense, it allows to define similar physical and geometrical meaning of introduced objects. The theoretical discussion is illustrated by numerical examples assuming anisotropy limited to single direction. NotationSection 2and finallywhere] denotes the interval of non-local interaction, and Γ is the Euler gamma functionNext, based on non-standard definition of motion by Eq. (4) the authors define the deformation gradient F α aswhere e a and E A are base vectors in coordinate systems {x a } and {X A }, respectively.

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Elastic Modulus of Polypyrrole Nanotubes

Cited by 215 publications

References 15 publications

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Novel method for mechanical characterization of polymeric nanofibers

Fractional calculus for continuum mechanics – anisotropic non-locality

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