“…Physical features in damage (evolving cracks and distributed failure) and small-scale heterogeneities can be naturally modeled using nonlocal approaches [11,12], and would be otherwise difficult to describe or prohibitively expensive to compute with classical local approaches. Peridynamics, as a nonlocal extension of continuum mechanics [13,14], has been successful in modeling damage evolution and material failure [15,16,13]. Dynamic brittle fracture [17][18][19], fatigue and thermallyinduced cracking [20,16], fracture in porous and granular materials [21][22][23], failure of composites [24,25], corrosion damage [26][27][28][29], and stress corrosion cracking [30][31][32], are among some applications of this formulation in modeling material damage.…”