Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays

Liang, Jiajie; Li, Lu; Niu, Xiaofan; Yu, Zhibin; Pei, Qibing

doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.242

Cited by 899 publications

(866 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4] "Electronic skin" is generally taken to be a stretchable sheet with area above 10 cm 2 carrying sensors for various stimuli, including deformation, pressure, light and temperature. The sensors report signals through stretchable electrical conductors [5] (e.g., carbon grease, [6] microcraked metal films, [1] serpentine metal lines, [2] graphene sheets, [7] carbon nanotubes, [8][9][10] silver nanowires, [11] gold nanomeshes, [12] and liquid metals [13,14] ). These conductors transmit signals using electrons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ionic skin

et al. 2014

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Our skin is a stretchable, large-area sheet of distributed sensors. These properties of skin have inspired the development of mimics, with differing levels of sophistication, to enable wearable or implantable electronics for entertainment and healthcare. [1][2][3][4] "Electronic skin" is generally taken to be a stretchable sheet with area above 10 cm 2 carrying sensors for various stimuli, including deformation, pressure, light and temperature. The sensors report signals through stretchable electrical conductors [5] (e.g., carbon grease, [6] microcraked metal films, [1] serpentine metal lines, [2] graphene sheets, [7] carbon nanotubes, [8][9][10] silver nanowires, [11] gold nanomeshes, [12] and liquid metals [13,14] ). These conductors transmit signals using electrons.They meet the essential requirements of conductivity and stretchability, but struggle to meet additional requirements in specific applications, such as biocompatibility in biometric sensors, [15] and transparency in tunable optics. [16,17] By contrast, sensors in our skin report signals using ions. Here we explore the potential of ionic conductors in the development of a new type of sensory sheet, which we call "ionic skin".The sensory sheet is highly stretchable, transparent, and biocompatible. It readily monitors large deformation, such as that generated by the bending of a finger. It detects stimuli with wide dynamic range (strains from 1% to 500%). It measures pressure as low as 1 kPa, with small drift over many cycles. A sheet of distributed sensors covering a large area can report the location and pressure of touch. High transparency allows the sensory sheet to transmit electrical signals without impeding optical signals.Many ionic conductors, such as hydrogels and ionogels, are highly stretchable and transparent. [18][19][20] These gels are polymeric networks swollen with water or ionic liquids. They behave like elastic solids and eliminate the need for containers as required in the case of liquid metal conductors. Whereas familiar elastic gels, such as Jell-O, are brittle and easily rupture, the recent decade has seen the development of hydrogels and ionogels as tough as elastomers. [20][21][22] Many hydrogels are biocompatible. They can be made softer than tissues, achieving the "mechanical invisibility" required for biometric sensors, which monitor soft tissues without 3 constraining them. Although most hydrogels dry out in open air, hydrogels containing humectants retain water in environment of low humidity, and ionogels are nonvolatile in vacuum. [18][19][20] We have recently used ionic conductors-together with stretchable and transparent dielectrics-to make actuators, which deform in response to high voltages, on the order of kilovolts. [18] By contrast, the sensors described here deform in response to applied forces, giving signals that can be measured using voltages below 1 volt. To illustrate principles in our design of the ionic skin, consider a simple example-a dielectric sandwiched between two ionic conductors (Figure 1). In many...

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Ionic skin

et al. 2014

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“…The characteristic has become a limiting factor for the LEECs to achieve stable device performance under large strain. As it is still quite challenging to fabricate stretchable and transparent electrodes for EL devices with stable conductivity under high stretching strain [39,40], the stretchable LEECs still suffer from dramatically degraded performance under large mechanical deformations [18,41]. The problem will persist without the development of new materials or strategies for highly conductive electrodes that can achieve good transparency and mechanical stability.…”

Section: Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (Leecs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pei's group has been developing the technologies in stretchable LEECs and reported leading works in the area [18,19,41,[67][68][69]. Figure 6a illustrates the fabrication procedure of the stretchable LEEC device.…”

Section: Fully Stretchable El Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different from the structural strategy, which used conventional rigid light-emitting elements (do not respond to strain) with stretchable conductor structures (respond to strain), the light-emitting elements and transparent conductors can be strained simultaneously under mechanical deformations in the fully stretchable EL devices. Pioneered by Pei's group and recently our group, successful approaches have been developed to fabricate intrinsically and fully stretchable EL devices based on different emission mechanisms [18][19][20]. However, these devices still need to tackle the challenges in their operating lifetime, switching speed, brightness, and operating voltage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and Prospects in Stretchable Electroluminescent Devices

Wang

Lee

2017

Nanophotonics

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Stretchable electroluminescent (EL) devices are a new form of mechanically deformable electronics that are gaining increasing interests and believed to be one of the essential technologies for next generation lighting and display applications. Apart from the simple bending capability in flexible EL devices, the stretchable EL devices are required to withstand larger mechanical deformations and accommodate stretching strain beyond 10%. The excellent mechanical conformability in these devices enables their applications in rigorous mechanical conditions such as flexing, twisting, stretching, and folding.The stretchable EL devices can be conformably wrapped onto arbitrary curvilinear surface and respond seamlessly to the external or internal forces, leading to unprecedented applications that cannot be addressed with conventional technologies. For example, they are in demand for wide applications in biomedical-related devices or sensors and soft interactive display systems, including activating devices for photosensitive drug, imaging apparatus for internal tissues, electronic skins, interactive input and output devices, robotics, and volumetric displays. With increasingly stringent demand on the mechanical requirements, the fabrication of stretchable EL device is encountering many challenges that are difficult to resolve. In this review, recent progresses in the stretchable EL devices are covered with a focus on the approaches that are adopted to tackle materials and process challenges in stretchable EL devices and delineate the strategies in stretchable electronics. We first introduce the emission mechanisms that have been successfully demonstrated on stretchable EL devices. Limitations and advantages of the different mechanisms for stretchable EL devices are also discussed. Representative reports are reviewed based on different structural and material strategies. Unprecedented applications that have been enabled by the stretchable EL devices are reviewed. Finally, we summarize with our perspectives on the approaches for the stretchable EL devices and our proposals on the future development in these devices.

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“…The recent advances in electronics induced a paradigm shift from the conventional home appliances or portable devices to wearable or skin-attachable devices. Also, as IoT (Internet of Things) and mobile healthcare applications have attracted much interest, unprecedented wearable electronics that can imperceptibly operate with other peripheral devices have been extensively studied, including wearable healthcare devices, artificial skin and muscles, human-machine interfaces, stretchable displays, and stretchable batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterial-based stretchable and transparent electrodes

Kim

Hyun

Jang

et al. 2016

Journal of Information Display

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The recent advent of unprecedented wearable applications engendered the need for stretchable electronics, which can be realized by making the individual components stretchable. The transparent conducting electrode is one of the most important components of optoelectronic devices. Therefore, developing transparent electrodes in a stretchable form is essential for the implementation of stretchable electronics. In this paper, the recent efforts in the development of stretchable and transparent electrodes, particularly those using nanomaterials such as metal nanowires, metal nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes are introduced. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays

Cited by 899 publications

References 34 publications

Ionic skin

Ionic skin

Progress and Prospects in Stretchable Electroluminescent Devices

Nanomaterial-based stretchable and transparent electrodes

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