Elation‐depression and skill as determinants of desire for excitement¹

Contemporary theories of depression: Critique and comparison.

“…There may also be situations in which an individual believes responses and outcomes to be contingent but in which he believes himself to be unacceptable. Indeed, the pne induction study that avoided a confounding between a helplessness account and a self-esteem account indicates what may happen in such situations: In Ludwig's (1975) study, subjects' evaluations of themselves were evidently lowered in a fashion that probably did not lead them to believe in response-outcome independence, and depression resulted nonetheless.…”

“…The relevance of the specific manipulated beliefs to Beck's particular theory is closest in the case of Ludwig's (1975) study, in which subjects were presented with information quite related to Beck's notion of the negative view of the self. Seligman's (1974Seligman's ( , 1975 views on depression are rooted in laboratory experiments with dogs.…”

“…To recapitulate, there is a growing body of data which indicates that affective states can be influenced by cognitive manipulations either by inducing the subject to attend to unpleasant thoughts (e.g., Velten, 1968) or by inducing the individual to adopt a specific belief. The relevance of the specific manip-ulated beliefs to Beck's particular theory is closest in the case of Ludwig's (1975) study, in which subjects were presented with information quite related to Beck's notion of the negative view of the self.…”

Cognitive functioning in depression: a review of theory and research

“…Apparently strong support for Beck's position comes from studies demonstrating the experimental induction of mood states by cognitive manipulations. For example, Ludwig (1975) found that depression could be induced in women students by giving them the (falsified) results of psychological tests indicating that they were immature and uncreative. Similarly, many studies, some of which were cited above, demonstrate mood induction by the Velten (1968) procedure of reading statements aloud, under instructions to attempt to believe them.…”

Nursing Care Of The Depressed Patient

“…Several correlational studies have, however, established a strong association between depressed mood and negative cognitions (Lishman, 1972;Loyd and Lishman, 1975;Mischel, Ebbeson, and Zeis, 1973;Weintraub, Segal, and Beck, 1974). It has also been demonstrated that affect can be influenced by altering cognitions (Coleman, 1975;Ludwig, 1975). Findings from other investigations support the proposition that depressed individuals distort environmental feedback by interpreting events in a selfdepreciating manner (DeMonbreun and Craighead, 1977;Wener and Rehm, 1975;Loeb, Beck, and Diggory, 1971).…”