“…Significant differences in elder abuse reporting and investigating are evident among states and within states at the county level (Jogerst et al, 2003(Jogerst et al, , 2006Wolf & Li, 1999). Various reasons suggested for the differences and lack of reporting abuse to APS are ethnicity, victim isolation, embarrassment, fear of retaliation and relocation, lack of knowledge regarding reporting, and perpetrator is a family member (Griffin, 1994;Hudson, 1994;Jogerst, Daly, & Ingram, 2001). Wolf and Li (1999) found that lower socioeconomic status of the older population, more community training of area professionals, higher agency service rating, and lower community agency and protective service relationship (commitment to report) were all associated with higher elder abuse reporting rates.…”