Electric-field induced cylindrical lens, switching and deflection devices composed of the inverted domains in LiNbO3 crystals

Yamada, Masahiro; Saitoh, Masaki; Ooki, Hiroshi

doi:10.1063/1.117015

Cited by 107 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…More recently, the high birefringence of liquid crystals [13] was used to build micro-lens arrays, limited to very small lens sizes. Electro-optic materials have also been used for making variable-power 2D lens in a thin film, for opto-electronic applications [14]. The alternative presented here could fullfill the need for adjustable optical systems without mobile parts, in the 0.1-to-10 mm size range approximately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

Berge

Peseux

2000

The European Physical Journal E

993

643

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Abstract. We use electrocapillarity in order to change the contact angle of a transparent drop, thus realizing a lens of variable focal length (B. Berge, J. Peseux, Patent deposited in Grenoble France, October 8th 1997, numéro d'enregistrement national 97 12781). The key point is the application of gradients of wettability, which control the shape of the drop edge, in our case a centered circle of variable radius. The quality and reversibility of the lens are surprisingly good. The optical power variation can be 5 to 10 times the one of the human eye, for a comparable diameter, with a typical response time of 0.03 s and a dissipated power of a few mW. PACS

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

Berge

Peseux

2000

The European Physical Journal E

993

643

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“…However, recently another class of modulators, based on Bragg diffraction in periodically poled materials, has attracted attention. 1,2 Their advantages include lower drive voltages and faster response times than conventional types. These devices are an extension of early work on grating based electrooptic devices such as those by Hammer 3 and Barros, 4 but by making use of periodic poling they allow additional design freedom.…”

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confidence: 99%

Demonstration and optical characteristics of electro-optic Bragg modulators in periodically poled lithium niobate in the near-infrared

Abernethy

Gawith

Eason

et al. 2002

Applied Physics Letters

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We report the infrared operation of a bulk optical Bragg modulator based on electro-optically induced refractive index gratings in z-cut periodically poled lithium niobate. Efficiencies in the first order of 45% for 1064 nm e-polarized light and 30% for o-polarized light were achieved, with maximum on/off ratios of 15:1 and 9:1, respectively. Field-induced light scattering effects due to poling are observed at higher drive voltages and compromised device performance due to these scattering effects is predicted to limit long-wavelength operation of these devices. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.1510964͔ Many successful technologies exist for laser modulators including acousto-optic and bulk electro-optic devices. However, recently another class of modulators, based on Bragg diffraction in periodically poled materials, has attracted attention. 1,2 Their advantages include lower drive voltages and faster response times than conventional types. These devices are an extension of early work on grating based electrooptic devices such as those by Hammer 3 and Barros, 4 but by making use of periodic poling they allow additional design freedom.Bragg grating devices based on periodically poled LiNbO 3 ͑PPLN͒ were first investigated by Yamada 1 and Gnewuch 2 using visible light at 633 nm, and again by Yamada 5 using violet-blue light at 407 nm. Impressive maximum first order diffraction efficiencies of around 75% were reported by both authors. Gnewuch et al. demonstrated a fivefold reduction in switching time compared to acoustooptic devices, and also that periodic poling suppresses acoustic modes excited via the piezoelectric effect by the electrode capacitance. 6 Yamada et al. demonstrated several different optical functions using electro-optically controlled PPLN, such as focussing, switching, and deflecting, and confirmed that these fundamental operations may be integrated on the same substrate. More recently, Yamada et al. presented results for Bragg gratings used as an optical switch with one input and six outputs, and as a wide band optical modulator for violet-blue light. 5 In this letter we present results on PPLN-based electrooptic Bragg modulators operating at 1064 nm, describe their fabrication, and discuss operating considerations for such devices. We present results of field induced scattering at higher drive voltages, an effect found to result from the periodicpoling process, and our initial investigation of reduced device efficiency at 1064 nm when compared to visible operation. Light redistribution into higher orders and in-plane scatter are measured, and compromised performance at longer wavelengths due to this scatter is predicted.A PPLN-based Bragg modulator device consists of an area of periodically domain inverted regions forming a grating of length, d, and of period, ⌳, with grating k-vector parallel to the x axis of the crystal, an arrangement illustrated in Fig. 1. The devices used in this experiment were fabricated from 500-m-thick z-cut lithium niobate purchased from Yamaju C...

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“…But many drive voltages are needed to obtain a multi-phase-level diffraction grating. A fully reflective deflector using polarization reversal has also been considered because elements having a modified refractive index are easily obtained by applying an electric field to a polarization-reversed structure medium (recently, this structure has been easily fabricated by the application of an electric field and also obtains a period length of several micrometers) [5]. Based on the above points, the authors have looked at diffractive optical elements with a polarization-reversed structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐phase‐level electro‐optical beam deflector in combined periodic polarization‐reversed structures with different thickness

Koyanagi

2004

Electron Comm Jpn Pt II

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SUMMARYWe propose an electro-optical beam deflector vertically connecting polarization-reversed structures having different periods and thicknesses. This device is an optical deflector that uses a diffraction grating blazed with multiple-phase levels created by the Pockels effect of the applied electric field. The deflection with respect to the applied electric field that considers the polarization and wavelength of the input light is theoretically analyzed for the LiNbO 3 crystal as the specific medium. We also examine the deflection characteristics due to two stages that connect multiphase-level diffraction gratings having different periods. Consequently, by setting appropriate values for the applied electric field and the medium thickness, we demonstrated the ease in obtaining the wide angle, high diffraction efficiency, low crosstalk, fast response light deflection, polarized light beam splitting, and wavelength demultiplexing.

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Electric-field induced cylindrical lens, switching and deflection devices composed of the inverted domains in LiNbO3 crystals

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

Demonstration and optical characteristics of electro-optic Bragg modulators in periodically poled lithium niobate in the near-infrared

Multi‐phase‐level electro‐optical beam deflector in combined periodic polarization‐reversed structures with different thickness

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