Electric fuel conversion with hydrogen production by multiphase plasma at ambient pressure

Plasma Chemical Synthesis of Valuable Fuels and Chemicals from n-Hexane and Its Mixture with Methanol and Ethanol

“…31 Similarly, H 2 production efficiency was the highest from pure methanol at 378.4 mmol/kWh and pure ethanol at 346.6 mmol/kW h. H 2 formation is mainly carried out in the vapor phase, and there is very little chance of H 2 molecules escaping from the liquid, which further demonstrates that the vapor pressure of the liquid plays a crucial role. 29,32 It was slightly lower for hexane− methanol and hexane−ethanol mixtures at 206.8 and 137 mmol/kW h, but still higher than pure hexane. It can be concluded that the addition of alcohols to heavy oils can help increase the production of H 2 .…”

“…Our SEI is lower than that of other emerging technologies and similar plasma technologies, providing a conversion efficiency comparable to or more than that of other studies. Using 390 kJ/kg of SEI (<$1/barrel), 29 we were able to have a conversion efficiency of 771.4 mmol/ kW h for the treatment of the hexane−ethanol mixture at 0 °C. Pure hexane showed the maximum gas HC selectivity (26.5%), indicating that the addition of alcohols quenched the formation of HCs, while the highest selectivity of H 2 (9.4%) was observed at 0 °C from methanol.…”

“…7,27 Therefore, the suitable alternative is gas discharges over liquids, which can form a broader range of products both in the gas phase and liquid phase and consequently provide a vast field of exploration. To our knowledge, very few gas discharges over liquid studies have been recently conducted with n-dodecane by Whitehead and Prantsidou, 28 with n-heptane by Hamdan et al 9 and with hexadecane by Wang et al 29 Whitehead and Prantsidou observed a 10% conversion into gas products in their gliding arc reactor. Hamdan et al used a microwave plasma jet for n-heptane reforming and found more than 40% selectivity for C 2 H 4 .…”

“…To our knowledge, very few gas discharges over liquid studies have been recently conducted with n -dodecane by Whitehead and Prantsidou, with n -heptane by Hamdan et al and with hexadecane by Wang et al Whitehead and Prantsidou observed a 10% conversion into gas products in their gliding arc reactor. Hamdan et al used a microwave plasma jet for n -heptane reforming and found more than 40% selectivity for C 2 H 4 .…”

Greenhouse gas emission reduction and energy impact of electrifying upgraders in refineries using plasma processing technology

“…For the PPT the reported total conversion to desired products similar in composition to those of FCC is 11.7% with an SEI of 0.5 MJ kg −1 . 7 Plasma upgrading reactions mostly occur in the reaction zones in the region between high voltage and ground in a multiphase environment, and increasing these reaction zones is going to increase the conversion linearly. The linear relation assumption between the SEI and conversion in PPT is supported by Wang et al 7 Thus, to match the conversion of the FCC, eight times more SEI is required in the plasma reactor bringing the SEI to 4 MJ kg −1 which is 1.8 times more energy-intensive than an FCC.…”