Electrical conduction mechanism of rare-earth calcium oxyborate high temperature piezoelectric crystals

Boosted Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity by Ordering Cations in the A-Site of a Perovskite Catalyst

“…The binding energy at around ∼530 eV corresponds to the oxygen ions in the oxygen-deficient area in the lattice. The binding energy was determined according to the previous results for the materials covered in this study since the exact standard of binding energy shows slight variation depending on the cation and dopant constituting the oxide material. − As the difference of the oxygen vacancy peak area (orange color) is obvious in the XPS spectra, the ratio of the oxygen vacancy was greater in PNBCF-L than in PNBCF-C. The exact ratio of each type of oxygen binding is shown in Table .…”

Cation-exchange and oxygen vacancies triggered capacity in hierarchical α-Ni1−xCuxMoO4@CC flexible electrodes for energy-storage applications

“…4(F)). 37,38 In addition, ex situ Raman spectroscopy was also performed for the pristine and cation-exchange samples to investigate the combination of metal characteristic vibration modes and further it could provide a positive correlation with the noticed OVs from the XPS results. The comparative Raman spectra in Fig.…”

Damage mechanism and electro-elastic stability of LiNbO3 crystals irradiated with 6 MeV Xe23+

“…All the results were analyzed by using the Advantage soware. It was also found that at 650 C, the electrical resistivities of the LN samples both before and aer irradiation were $1.5 Â 10 5 U cm since the electrical conduction at elevated temperature is attributed to the intrinsic band gap of crystal material rather than the defects induced by the irradiation, 15 indicating that the Xe 23+ irradiation has little inuence on the high-temperature electrical resistivity of the LN crystal. Considering the main contribution of electrons to electrical conductivity, the activation energy for motivating the electrons to participant electrical conductivity was calculated using the Arrhenius law (eqn ( 6)),…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The high ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transmission temperature of LN ($1195 AE 15 C) enables the operation of LN-based devices at temperatures above 600 C. 7,10 Moreover, the effective piezoelectric coefficient d eff of LN is on the order of 70 pC N À1 , thirty times higher than that of a-quartz (a-SiO 2 ) ($2 pC N À1 ), favoring the use of LN crystal for piezoelectric sensing at high temperatures. [11][12][13][14] There are many reports on the irradiation damage for LN crystal such as the damage evolution in LN irradiated by Si ions, 15 high-energy electron irradiation of stoichiometric LN, 16 optical damage in LN induced by X-ray irradiation, 17 et al And the extensive testing of different prototypes of piezoelectric sensors based on the LN crystal have been investigated. 14,[18][19][20][21] Irradiation is known to induce defects in crystals, affecting their electrical properties.…”