Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve

Neurokinin 1 Receptor Internalization in Spinal Cord Slices Induced by Dorsal Root Stimulation Is Mediated by NMDA Receptors

“…EPSPs in the experiment shown in Figure 3 appeared to be monosynaptic, because they had a constant latency of 12 msec. From this latency value and the length of dorsal root stimulated (5 mm), we calculated a conduction speed of 0.4 m/sec, which is consistent with the conduction speed of C-fibers (Li and Bak, 1976;Swett and Bourassa, 1981). High-frequency stimulation of the dorsal root (three trains of 1 sec at 100 Hz, separated 10 sec) potentiated synaptic responses in three of four dorsal horn neurons (Fig.…”

“…Intracellular recordings showed that the pulses used evoked EPSPs with latencies consistent with the conduction speed of AѨ-and C-fibers (Li and Bak, 1976;Swett and Bourassa, 1981). However, because C-fibers do not follow 100 Hz (McCarthy and Lawson, 1989;Waddell and Lawson, 1990), at least some of the SP that elicits the internalization may be released from AѨ-fibers, which follow 100 Hz and contain SP in 20% of their terminals (McCarthy and Lawson, 1989;Waddell and Lawson, 1990).…”

Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder: Urodynamic data

“…To our knowledge, no research have been performed investigating for how long this inhibition occurs in human, or how strongly this nerve has to be stimulated. Determination of the exact intensity applied through PTNS stimulation is di⁄cult because of the inhomogeneous character of each nerve, recruitment of ¢bres by size, physical environment, and type of stimulated nerve [Swett and Bourassa, 1981]. A stronger stimulation will surely be more e¡ective as has been already proved in human experiments using supramaximal stimulation in spinal cord patients [Sheri¡ et al, 1996].…”

Spinal Stimulation: Statistical Superiority of Monophasic Stimulation of Narrowly Separated, Longitudinal Bipoles Having Rostral Cathodes

“…However, table II showed that the PT of a bipole is more similar to the PT of the anode if it is rostral, in which case table I showed that PT increases as separation decreases. Taken together, these findings suggest that a rostral anode may block even or thodromic activity from the cathode, with the result that PT of the bi pole may relate to excitation beneath the anode ('anodal break pheno menon') [9].…”

“…On the other hand, the advantage of orientation UP could be explained by (1) activation of some hypothetical inhibitory system; (2) the hypothesis called 'anodal block', i.e. if hyperpolarization of fibers under the anode is large enough, an action potential initiated under the cathode may not be able to propagate through the region of hyperpolarization [9]. If anodal block should explain these findings, we must also hypo thesize that in the normal spinal cords of these patients, the sensory paresthesia and motor response, respectively, are due to conductions of action potentials in opposite directions.…”