Electrically Heated Electrodes: Practical Aspects and New Developments

Flechsig, Gerd‐Uwe; Walter, Anne

doi:10.1002/elan.201100412

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…After finishing this article, a number of papers dealing with electrochemistry of NAs have been published, e.g., − including several reviews on interesting topics, such as cyclic voltammetry of metal-based antitumor drug-DNA interactions, redox indicators for DNA EC analysis, electrically heated electrodes, integration of amperometric detection with electrophoretic microchip devices, SAMs for EC sensing, and carbon paste electrodes for DNA analysis . Very recently, a special issue of The Chemical Record has been published on the occasion of 90 years of Polarography.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry of Nucleic Acids

2012

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Electrochemistry of Nucleic Acids

2012

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“…24 and k h is 0.9712 ( 2 0. in the cooling/heating process, which shows excellent consistence between model and experiment on the error below 5%. Hence for a certain TEC, ∆T can be caculated from U , I and  c / h according to equation (6) and (7). So the surface temperature of electrodes can be obtained from ∆T and T s .…”

Section: A Model For Understanding the Temperature Change Of Mbg-ahcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model for understanding the temperature change of an alternate hot and cold micro-band graphite electrode

Yang

Huang

Hou

et al. 2016

Electrochemistry Communications

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A model is established for understanding the temperature change of an alternate hot and cold micro-band graphite electrode. It consists of two symmetrically placed thermoelectric coolers with an embedded graphite sheet as interlayer. By measuring the open circuit behaviors of a standard redox couple, the electrode surface temperature can be detected. And the electrode surface temperature can be regulated from 40 °C to −10 °C in aqueous solution without freezing. The model is described as Qh =  h ΔT, Qc =  c ΔT, where the temperature change (T) of electrode surface is assumed to be proportional to power of heating (Q h) or cooling (Q c). In addition, the diffusion activation energy of ferricyanide ion is firstly achieved by extending the temperature range from above zero degree down to the supercooled temperature (−10 °C) with this specially designed electrode. Diffusion coefficient of ferricyanide ion is ca. 0.22×10 −5 cm 2 s −1 at −10 °C, and activation energy is 23.2 kJ mol −1. The experimental data are consistent with data obtained by Stokes-Einstein equation for the determination of diffusion coefficient and activation energy.

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“…Heated electrodes have been used increasingly to enhance electrochemical analysis or for fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic studies of redox systems [1,2,3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and Accurate Automatic Temperature Calibration of Disposable Screen-printed Heated Gold Electrodes

Colón-Rodríguez¹,

Schönhoff²,

Abdulkhalek³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Joule-heated electrodes have been used to enhance electrochemical analysis. Due to such direct heating, a steep temperature gradient is created near the electrode surface. The heating device that provides the high-frequency AC (50 kHz or more) has to be calibrated, in order to apply the desired temperature during analysis. The applied temperature of the working electrode influences both its electrical resistance and the electrochemical potential of a redox couple. Open circuit potentiometric (OCP) measurements were performed automatically with screen-printed gold loop electrodes (Au-LE), while applying 50 kHz AC heating pulses of increasing intensity provided by a ThermaLab® AC generator. Potentiometric temperature calibrations were performed using 5 mM equimolar ferri/ferrocyanide in 0.1 M of potassium chloride at 20 °C bulk temperature. Potential differences produced during each heat pulse were used to automatically calculate the electrode temperature using the temperature coefficient of this redox couple (-1.6 mV/K). The electrode resistance values at each heating pulse were obtained by measuring the heating voltage and heating current. The automatic temperature calibration experiments with five Au-LEs were shown to be highly reproducible and precise, with an RSD for the temperature of 0.24% and 4% for resistance. The average margin error of OCP temperatures were ±0.66 K at a 95% confidence level. The temperature coefficient (α) of electrical resistivity of the screen-printed gold layers was found to be 0.0025 °C<sup>-1</sup>, which is 27% lower than the theoretical value for gold metal. These findings were confirmed by DC resistance measurements using a potentiostat. Comparing the OCP temperature with the resistivity method, the temperature difference was about 0.94 °C (2.8%). Both methods enable quick, reproducible and accurate temperature calibration for disposable Au-LE, which were also used for trace mercury detection in lake water samples

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Electrically Heated Electrodes: Practical Aspects and New Developments

Cited by 21 publications

References 94 publications

Electrochemistry of Nucleic Acids

Electrochemistry of Nucleic Acids

A model for understanding the temperature change of an alternate hot and cold micro-band graphite electrode

Rapid and Accurate Automatic Temperature Calibration of Disposable Screen-printed Heated Gold Electrodes

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