“…An anatase p(2 × 3) TiO 2 (1 0 1) slab supported on a two-layer p(4 × 4) Ti (1 0 0) was used to model Ti/TiO 2 , with the layers being separated by a vacuum of approximately 15 Å (AC) and 25 Å (IBU and NB) in the z -direction. TiO 2 (1 0 1) was selected as it is a stable crystal plane for anatase TiO 2 and was the exposed crystal plane in our previously designed Ti/anatase TiO 2 aeration electrode. , On these models, 3 × 3 × 1 Monkhorst–Pack K-point meshes of 3 × 3 × 1, 3 × 3 × 1, and 7 × 7 × 1 were set for the calculation of E ads , Bader charge, and density of state (DOS), respectively. All geometric structures of the surface and adsorption states, with and without the application of an external positive electric field, were optimized using a force-based conjugate gradient algorithm until the forces on all relaxed atoms were less than 0.05 e V Å –1 , and the energy convergence criterion was set at 1.0 × 10 –6 eV …”