Electrocatalytic advanced oxidation processes have long
been considered
among of the most viable ways to remediate aquatic contaminants, including
As(III). Although direct electrochemical oxidation of As(III) is thermochemically
facile, a high reaction rate is not easily achieved because of the
competitive oxygen evolution reaction (OER), particularly at high
potentials. This study examines the effect of three halides (Cl–, Br–, and I–)
on the electrochemical oxidation of As(III) with nanoparticulate TiO2 electrodes in an aqueous bicarbonate solution at pH 8.7.
The halides significantly enhance As(III) oxidation kinetics by >4,
>8, and >20 times, respectively, under optimal conditions. Faradaic
efficiencies of As(V) production (AsV–FEs) are also
enhanced by a maximum of 10 times by the halides, even at high potentials
at which the OER occurs. Pre-electrolysis of each halide solution
produces reactive halogen species (ClO–, BrO–, and I3
–). As(III)-spiking
of the pre-electrolyzed halide solutions allows simultaneous concentration
changes at near-stoichiometric ratios (R
2 > 0.98) between each halogen species and As(V). Among the three
halides, iodide imparts the strongest effect on As(III) oxidation
owing to its lowest redox potential. Finally, technical considerations
of reactive-halogen-species-mediated As(III) oxidation are discussed.