Nanoporous oxides, such as cupric oxide (CuO), nickelous oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2), cobaltosic oxide (Co 3 O 4), and cerium oxide (CeO 2), and noble-metal-based nanoporous composites, such as silver (Ag) ligaments loaded with CeO 2 , TiO 2 , zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2) or NiO and palladium (Pd) ligaments loaded with TiO 2 or ZrO 2 , are described in the chapter. Oxide-based nanoporous composites, such as Au loaded on CuO and CeO 2 or platinum (Pt) loaded on TiO 2 , are also summarized. The structures, microstructures, and microstructure parameters of these materials are reviewed. The performance of the noble-based nanoporous composites is presented, including the catalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol. Environmental protection applications, such as catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) for the oxide-based nanoporous composites, have also been developed. Applications of rare earth elements in nanoporous materials are also reviewed.