Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Sensing Platforms for Diagnostics of COVID-19

Abstract

Rapid transmission and high mortality rates caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed that the best way to fight against the pandemic was through rapid, accurate diagnosis in parallel with vaccination. In this context, several research groups around the world have endeavored to develop new diagnostic methods due to the disadvantages of the gold standard method, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in terms of cost and time consumption. Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical platforms have been important tools for overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time. In this review, we report on several electrochemical sensors and biosensors developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, presenting the concepts, fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches. The focus is devoted to highlighting the recent progress of electrochemical devices developed as next-generation field-deployable analytical tools as well as guiding future researchers in the manufacture of devices for disease diagnosis.

The importance, benefits, and future of nanobiosensors for infectious diseases

“…62 Another type of nanobiosensors is electro-based biosensor. 71 Electrode-based sensors are commonly used in diagnostic applications for biosensing. 72 These sensors consist of one or more electrodes that are used to detect changes in electrical signals resulting from the interaction between the target biomolecules and the electrode surface.…”

“…Figure 6 shows the potential of nanobiosensors in medicine, industry, and environmental monitoring, offering significant potential for disease detection, monitoring, and treatment 62 . Another type of nanobiosensors is electro‐based biosensor 71 . Electrode‐based sensors are commonly used in diagnostic applications for bio‐sensing 72 .…”

An overview of electrochemical biosensors used for COVID-19 detection

“…These advancements not only hold promise for enhanced diagnostic capabilities but also signify a signicant step towards improved public health measures and a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's behavior and its impact on human immunity. 39,47,[71][72][73][74] 1.1.4 MIP-based electrochemical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection. Most of the developed diagnostic tools are based on biological recognition elements, i.e.…”

“…These advancements not only hold promise for enhanced diagnostic capabilities but also signify a significant step towards improved public health measures and a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's behavior and its impact on human immunity. 39,47,71–74…”

Recent Advances in Optical Sensing for the Detection of Microbial Contaminants

“…Electrochemical sensing platforms have also gained great attention for the detection of microbial contaminants. They offer relative simplicity, ease of design, low LOD, quick response, high sensitivity, and enhanced selectivity [ 36 ]. From the perspective of optical sensing, colorimetric sensing provides low-cost production, while plasmon sensing requires relatively expensive and complicated equipment.…”