Electrochemical Assembly of Ordered Macropores in Gold

Wijnhoven, Judith E. G. J.; Zevenhuizen, S. J. M.; Hendriks, Michel A.; Vanmaekelbergh, Daniël; Kelly, John J.; Vos, Willem L.

doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200006)12:12<888::aid-adma888>3.0.co;2-t

Cited by 141 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Electrochemical deposition typically produces volume-templated structures, in which the wall material grows in the void spaces between spheres and also fills any cracks that may be present within the template [91]. This behavior, combined with walls that already exhibit their final chemical form, allows nearly complete filling of the voids to be achieved.…”

Section: Electrochemical Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Ordered Macroporous Materials

Schroden

Stein

2003

Colloids and Colloid Assemblies

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IntroductionMaterials exhibiting a uniform arrangement of pores offer a wide variety of applications that are based on both the chemical properties of the solid matrix and properties specific to the pore size and arrangement. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has classified porous materials into three distinct categories according to their pore diameters [1]. ªMicroporesº are those with diameters less than 2 nm, ªmesoporesº range from 2 to 50 nm, and ªmacro-poresº are greater than 50 nm in diameter [1]. Interest in the synthetic creation of ordered porous materials began with the desire to replicate or improve upon the unique properties that result from the crystalline microporous structure of natural zeolites. With small pore sizes, open frameworks, high specific surface areas, and extremely well-defined structures, zeolites have found commercial applications as adsorbents, molecular sieves, and size-or shape-selective catalysts [2]. However, zeolites are limited to applications involving small-molecule substrates. For chemical applications involving larger guest molecules, such as biological compounds or polymers, materials with larger pores are required.The development of laboratory techniques for the preparation of ordered porous materials with well-defined structures and pore sizes began in the 1950s with the creation of the first commercially significant synthetic zeolites, and has continued to the present [2]. The general procedure for the preparation of porous materials involves the use of sacrificial templates, space fillers, or structure directors around which a solid wall structure forms. Upon removal of the template by chemical or thermal methods, porous materials are produced. For zeolites, the sacrificial species is often a single molecule such as an alkyl-amine [2]. The size of the micropores of zeolites can be increased through the use of larger molecular templates, reaching a maximum pore size of approximately 2 nm [2]. While methods for preparing ordered microporous materials have been known for over fifty years, techniques for the fabrication of ordered materials with larger pores have only been developed since the early 1990s.A new era in porous materials synthesis began with the development of techniques based on the use of self-assembled molecular arrays, instead of single mol-465 15

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Section: Electrochemical Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Ordered Macroporous Materials

Schroden

Stein

2003

Colloids and Colloid Assemblies

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“…To enhance their interaction with light, the voids of a colloidal crystal are filled with other materialspolymers, [2][3][4] liquids, [5][6][7] inorganic oxides, [8][9][10][11] carbon, 12 semiconductors, [13][14][15][16] superconductors, [17][18][19] and metals. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Then the original template can be removed, if necessary. This generates inverse opal-like structures (OLSs) whose size and chemical composition are tunable by varying the size of the colloids and the infiltration materials, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic topology of Co-based inverse opal-like structures

et al. 2011

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The magnetic and structural properties of a cobalt inverse opal-like crystal have been studied by a combination of complementary techniques ranging from polarized neutron scattering and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry to x-ray diffraction. Microradian small-angle x-ray diffraction shows that the inverse opal-like structure (OLS) synthesized by the electrochemical method fully duplicates the threedimensional net of voids of the template artificial opal. The inverse OLS has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure with a lattice constant of 640 ± 10 nm and with a clear tendency to a random hexagonal close-packed structure along the [111] axes. Wide-angle x-ray powder diffraction shows that the atomic cobalt structure is described by coexistence of 95% hexagonal close-packed and 5% fcc phases. The SQUID measurements demonstrate that the inverse OLS film possesses easy-plane magnetization geometry with a coercive field of 14.0 ± 0.5 mT at room temperature. The detailed picture of the transformation of the magnetic structure under an in-plane applied field was detected with the help of small-angle diffraction of polarized neutrons. In the demagnetized state the magnetic system consists of randomly oriented magnetic domains. A complex magnetic structure appears upon application of the magnetic field, with nonhomogeneous distribution of magnetization density within the unit element of the OLS. This distribution is determined by the combined effect of the easy-plane geometry of the film and the crystallographic geometry of the opal-like structure with respect to the applied field direction.

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“…Starting from a closed-packed array of latex or silica spheres as a template, three dimensionally ordered macro-porous (3DOM) structures, named inverse opals, have been created with various compositions. This strategy provides a facile method to fabricate artificial PBG materials with high indices and extremely expands the kinds of PBG materials into metal oxides [24,25], metal chalcogenides [26], pure metals, metal alloys [27][28][29][30], carbon [31] , sodium chloride, and polymers [10,[32][33][34]. Colloidal crystals or inverse opals both have periodical and repeated unit structures at wavelength scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High effective sensors based on photonic crystals

Song

2010

Front. Chem. China

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Photonic crystals have been extensively studied as high effective sensors for environmental monitoring and chemical and biological detections. This paper reviews recent achievements on photonic crystal sensors. Especially, the band gap responsiveness and the ability in amplifying spontaneous emission are demonstrated in the reported photonic crystal monitors/sensors. They are of great importance for optical monitors/sensors visualized by the naked eye and sensors based on fluorescence applications. The photonic crystal sensors are promising for low-cost and high effective sensors and detection methods, although challenges still exist in practical applications.

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Electrochemical Assembly of Ordered Macropores in Gold

Cited by 141 publications

References 12 publications

3D Ordered Macroporous Materials

3D Ordered Macroporous Materials

Magnetic topology of Co-based inverse opal-like structures

High effective sensors based on photonic crystals

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