“…In contrast, polyphenolics having meta -dihydroxyl substituents on the phenyl rings (e.g., resorcinol and resveratrol) can only function electrochemically as antioxidants due to a lack of reductive potential peaks in their CV profiles [31]. Moreover, compared to baicalins, which contain 5,6-dihydroxy groups on the A ring, the redox potential peaks of wogonins and chrysin with 5,7-dihydroxy (i.e., meta -dihydroxy) groups on the A ring were almost absent because of the lack of the resonance structure required for ES behavior [43, 48, 49]. Evidently, the meta -dihydroxyl substituents are not electrochemically suitable for use as ES in cyclic bioenergy applications.Fig.…”
For renewable and sustainable bioenergy utilization with cost-effectiveness, electron-shuttles (ESs) (or redox mediators (RMs)) act as electrochemical “catalysts” to enhance rates of redox reactions, catalytically accelerating electron transport efficiency for abiotic and biotic electrochemical reactions. ESs are popularly used in cellular respiratory systems, metabolisms in organisms, and widely applied to support global lives. Apparently, they are applicable to increase power-generating capabilities for energy utilization and/or fuel storage (i.e., dye-sensitized solar cell, batteries, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs)). This first-attempt review specifically deciphers the chemical structure association with characteristics of ESs, and discloses redox-mediating potentials of polyphenolics-abundant ESs via MFC modules. Moreover, to effectively convert electron-shuttling capabilities from non-sustainable antioxidant activities, environmental conditions to induce electrochemical mediation apparently play critical roles of great significance for bioenergy stimulation. For example, pH levels would significantly affect electrochemical potentials to be exhibited (e.g., alkaline pHs are electrochemically favorable for expression of such electron-shuttling characteristics). Regarding chemical structure effect, chemicals with ortho- and para-dihydroxyl substituents-bearing aromatics own convertible characteristics of non-renewable antioxidants and electrochemically catalytic ESs; however, ES capabilities of meta-dihydroxyl substituents can be evidently repressed due to lack of resonance effect in the structure for intermediate radical(s) during redox reaction. Moreover, this review provides conclusive remarks to elucidate the promising feasibility to identify whether such characteristics are non-renewable antioxidants or reversible ESs from natural polyphenols via cyclic voltammetry and MFC evaluation. Evidently, considering sustainable development, such electrochemically convertible polyphenolic species in plant extracts can be reversibly expressed for bioenergy-stimulating capabilities in MFCs under electrochemically favorable conditions.
“…In contrast, polyphenolics having meta -dihydroxyl substituents on the phenyl rings (e.g., resorcinol and resveratrol) can only function electrochemically as antioxidants due to a lack of reductive potential peaks in their CV profiles [31]. Moreover, compared to baicalins, which contain 5,6-dihydroxy groups on the A ring, the redox potential peaks of wogonins and chrysin with 5,7-dihydroxy (i.e., meta -dihydroxy) groups on the A ring were almost absent because of the lack of the resonance structure required for ES behavior [43, 48, 49]. Evidently, the meta -dihydroxyl substituents are not electrochemically suitable for use as ES in cyclic bioenergy applications.Fig.…”
For renewable and sustainable bioenergy utilization with cost-effectiveness, electron-shuttles (ESs) (or redox mediators (RMs)) act as electrochemical “catalysts” to enhance rates of redox reactions, catalytically accelerating electron transport efficiency for abiotic and biotic electrochemical reactions. ESs are popularly used in cellular respiratory systems, metabolisms in organisms, and widely applied to support global lives. Apparently, they are applicable to increase power-generating capabilities for energy utilization and/or fuel storage (i.e., dye-sensitized solar cell, batteries, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs)). This first-attempt review specifically deciphers the chemical structure association with characteristics of ESs, and discloses redox-mediating potentials of polyphenolics-abundant ESs via MFC modules. Moreover, to effectively convert electron-shuttling capabilities from non-sustainable antioxidant activities, environmental conditions to induce electrochemical mediation apparently play critical roles of great significance for bioenergy stimulation. For example, pH levels would significantly affect electrochemical potentials to be exhibited (e.g., alkaline pHs are electrochemically favorable for expression of such electron-shuttling characteristics). Regarding chemical structure effect, chemicals with ortho- and para-dihydroxyl substituents-bearing aromatics own convertible characteristics of non-renewable antioxidants and electrochemically catalytic ESs; however, ES capabilities of meta-dihydroxyl substituents can be evidently repressed due to lack of resonance effect in the structure for intermediate radical(s) during redox reaction. Moreover, this review provides conclusive remarks to elucidate the promising feasibility to identify whether such characteristics are non-renewable antioxidants or reversible ESs from natural polyphenols via cyclic voltammetry and MFC evaluation. Evidently, considering sustainable development, such electrochemically convertible polyphenolic species in plant extracts can be reversibly expressed for bioenergy-stimulating capabilities in MFCs under electrochemically favorable conditions.
“…It can be seen the inset of Figure 5 that a good linear relationship was obtained between the currents and baicalin concentrations over the range from 0.08 to 60 μM and the relevant linear equation was Ipa = À 0.37c-3.66 (R 2 = 0.991) with the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 26 nM. In addition, the performance characteristics of previous reports for baicalin sensing were summarized in Table 1 [15,[26][27][28][29][30][31]. It could be seen that the developed methods based on MXene/GCE in this work owned high sensitivity and wide determination ranges.…”
Section: Calibration Curve and Detection Limitmentioning
confidence: 84%
“…Therefore, establishment of a rapid, simple and sensitive method for baicalin sensing is of great significance in pharmaceutics and biochemical analysis. Several analytical methods have been reported for baicalin determination such as chromatography [10,11], capillary electrophoresis [12], chromatographymass spectrometry [13,14] and electrochemical sensor [15]. Comparing with these methods, the electrochemical sensor is an attractive alternative to overcome the defects of general methods including time-consuming, complicated process and professional training [16].…”
Herein, accordion‐like MXene nanosheets was used as electrode sensing material for baicalin determination in traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the first time. The consecutive multilayer nanostructure of MXene observably enhanced the electroactive surface area of electrode and accelerated the electron transfer rate to acquire outstanding electrochemical response to baicalin. The electrode process of baicalin and relative dynamic parameters were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. Under optimized conditions, a good linear relationship was achieved between the response current and baicalin levels over the range of 0.08–60 μM with a detection limit of 26 nM (S/N=3). The developed sensor was successfully applied for baicalin monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine preparation and human urine samples.
“…Mo-based 2D materials were also used in biosensors for monitoring: the growth factors BB, which regulate cell growth and division [ 96 ]; the toxicity of some inorganic species like nitrite ion, NO 2 − [ 97 , 98 ]; rifampicin, an antibiotic useful in the treatment of a number of infections [ 99 ]; and some important factors for energy metabolism in the human body, like NADH [ 100 ]. Over and above these, Mo-based sensors were used for detecting germ cell tumors, mainly teratomas [ 101 ], lung cancer biomarkers like miRNA-182 [ 102 ], SCCA [ 103 ], and CEA [ 104 ], antimicrobial metronidazole [ 105 ], and other drugs [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ].…”
Section: Mo-based 2d Layered Materials For Electrochemical Biomolementioning
Mo-based layered nanostructures are two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with outstanding characteristics and very promising electrochemical properties. These materials comprise nanosheets of molybdenum (Mo) oxides (MoO2 and MoO3), dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2), and carbides (MoC2), which find application in electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation. In this feature paper, we present the most relevant characteristics of such Mo-based layered compounds and their use as electrode materials in electrochemical sensors. In particular, the aspects related to synthesis methods, structural and electronic characteristics, and the relevant electrochemical properties, together with applications in the specific field of electrochemical biomolecule sensing, are reviewed. The main features, along with the current status, trends, and potentialities for biomedical sensing applications, are described, highlighting the peculiar properties of Mo-based 2D-nanomaterials in this field.
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