Electrochemical Boron-Doped Diamond Film Microcells Micromachined with Femtosecond Laser: Application to the Determination of Water Framework Directive Metals

Abstract

Planar electrochemical microcells were micromachined in a microcrystalline boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin layer using a femtosecond laser. The electrochemical performances of the new laser-machined BDD microcell were assessed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) determinations, at the nanomolar level, of the four heavy metal ions of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD): Cd(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Hg(II). The results are compared with those of previously published BDD electrodes. The calculated detection limits are 0.4, 6.8, 5.5, and 2.3 nM, and the linearities go up to 35, 97, 48, and 5 nM for, respectively, Cd(II), Ni(II) Pb(II), and Hg(II). The detection limits meet with the environmental quality standard of the WFD for three of the four metals. It was shown that the four heavy metals could be detected simultaneously in the concentration ratio usually measured in sewage or runoff waters.

Acoustic, electrochemical and microscopic characterization of interaction of Arthrospira platensis biofilm and heavy metal ions

“…The overall goal of the Global Mercury Partnership of the United Nations Environment Program (Governing Council Decision 25/5, Nairobi, Kenya, February 16 20, 2009) is to reduce and eventually eliminate mercury use in products and processes and raising awareness of mercury free alternatives. Quality control of aquatic ecosystems requires tools of in situ continuous detection of contaminated environments, such as electrochemical [7] and electromechanical [8] platform detection.…”

Biosensors and their Applications in Food Safety: A Review

“…Additionally, for the in-situ detection of heavy metal ions, various methods have been used, e.g., amperometric , acoustic (Gammoudi et al, 2014), and electrochemical sensors (Sbartai et al, 2012) as well as inhibition-based biosensors (Ghica et al, 2013;Amine et al, 2014). Graphene oxide is environmentally friendly and economic.…”

Effect of the sp2/sp3 Ratio in a Hybrid Nanocarbon Thin Film Electrode for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Fabricated by Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering Equipment

“…In contrast, an sp 3 dominant BDD electrode was reported to achieve a low detection limit due to its low noise current. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]27 Diamond-like carbon (DLC) and nitrogen doped DLC were also used as an electrode for ASV; 28,29 however, the ASV performance of DLC is reported to be poorer than that of BDD. This is because DLC is generally amorphous and not electrochemically active, and so cannot efficiently preconcentrate metal ions on a DLC surface.…”

“…Unfortunately, they did not perform as well as the Hg electrode. More recently, various carbon electrodes, such glassy carbon (GC), [11][12][13] screen-printed carbon, 14 carbon nanotube 15 and boron doped diamond (BDD) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] electrodes, have been employed for ASV. Table 1 summarizes their performance as regards sensitivity, background current and detection limit.…”