Electrochemical Chiral Sensors and Biosensors

Abstract

Chiral molecular recognition depends on difference in stability constants of diastereomeric complexes with applied selectors, different migration of enantiomers based on the formation and dissociation of diastereomeric complexes, and on a different interaction rate of enantiomers with selector. Selected examples of electrochemical enantioselective sensors and biosensors based on different mechanisms of molecular recognition are reviewed. Chemical chiral sensors can be based on plasticized membranes incorporating a chiral ionophore, on differences of Gibbs free energy for interphase electron transfer, or on the use of molecularly imprinted polymers and electrodeposited conducting polymers doped with chiral ions. Reported chiral biosensors include enzymatic devices and immunosensors. Especially pronounced enantioselectivity of enzymatic biosensors can be employed practically, e.g., in food control, showing chiral discrimination better that two orders of magnitude. Developed, so far, chemical sensors show enantioselectivity usually not exceeding two orders magnitude and require further investigation for any practical analytical applications.

Synthesis of new optically active acridino-18-crown-6 ligands and studies of their potentiometric selectivity toward the enantiomers of protonated 1-phenylethylamine and metal ions

“…[4][5][6][7] Chiral crown ethers are among the most effective enantioselective sensor molecules for primary amine-containing compounds. 8 Since the 1980's several crown ethers have been used as enantioselective sensor molecules in potentiometric membrane electrodes.…”

Double‐Layer Nanogold and Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer‐ Functionalized PVC Membrane Electrode for Enhanced Electrochemical Immunoassay of Total Prostate Specific Antigen

“…Immunoassays, with high selectivity and affinity of antibody molecules to their corresponding antigens, have widely been exploited for analytical purposes in the fields of clinical diagnoses [14]. In these conventional immunoassays, radioactive labels in RIA are harmful to the operator, however, chemiluminescent or fluorescent detection with ELISA requires precise detection devices for miniaturized systems with a small sample volume [15].…”

A new chiral electrochemical sensor for the enantioselective recognition of naproxen enantiomers using l-cysteine self-assembled over gold nanoparticles on a gold electrode

“…1,2 The enantiomers of a chiral molecule may exhibit different biological activities. 1,2 The enantiomers of a chiral molecule may exhibit different biological activities.…”