Electrochemical deposition of amorphous aluminum oxides on lead pipes to prevent lead leaching into the drinking water

Lobo, Gabriel P.; Kalyan, Bavisha; Gadgil, Ashok

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127195

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…4 (WHO) set a limit of 10 μg/L or 48.3 nM. 1,5,10,16,17 In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created several guidelines and recommendations for public water systems and residents about practices to prevent lead intoxication from drinking water. 18−20 Three main types of lead found in drinking water are dissolved lead in the ionic form, soluble lead complexes, and particulate lead.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than six million lead service lines (LSLs) are still used today in the United States to connect residential or commercial spaces to the mainlines of water distribution centers. − Owing to the filtration and treatment processes employed, there is virtually no lead in water when it leaves the distribution centers. The contamination of drinking water with lead occurs as water flows from the mainline to residential or commercial spaces through LSLs. ,− As water flows through these LSLs, lead ions can leach out from the lead corrosion scale or soldering used to connect the pipes; physical particulates of the lead corrosion scale can also detach and enter the water. ,,,,, Water chemistry conditions, such as pH, alkalinity, disinfectant, orthophosphate addition, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), play an essential role in lead contamination from the LSLs. Many devastating incidences of lead contamination in drinking water have reportedly been caused by changing the water source and chemistry .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,6−11 As water flows through these LSLs, lead ions can leach out from the lead corrosion scale or soldering used to connect the pipes; physical particulates of the lead corrosion scale can also detach and enter the water. 1,6,8,9,12,13 Water chemistry conditions, such as pH, alkalinity, disinfectant, orthophosphate addition, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), play an essential role in lead contamination from the LSLs. Many devastating incidences of lead contamination in drinking water have reportedly been caused by changing the water source and chemistry.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 In children, irreversible brain damage leading to permanent cognitive issues has been observed. 1,4,5 Due to the health issues associated with lead poisoning, the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) was created in 1991, which limits the lead concentration in drinking water to 15 μg/L or 72. 4 (WHO) set a limit of 10 μg/L or 48.3 nM.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead in drinking water has been linked to a higher incidence of miscarriages and fetal deaths in pregnant women . In children, irreversible brain damage leading to permanent cognitive issues has been observed. ,, Due to the health issues associated with lead poisoning, the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) was created in 1991, which limits the lead concentration in drinking water to 15 μg/L or 72.4 nM, and the World Health Organization (WHO) set a limit of 10 μg/L or 48.3 nM. ,,,, In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created several guidelines and recommendations for public water systems and residents about practices to prevent lead intoxication from drinking water. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Scale Particulates in Drinking Water

Dangel,

Huseinov,

Hoque

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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Lead contamination in drinking water can be caused by various types of lead: lead ions, soluble lead complexes, and lead particulates. Traditional detection methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) can detect all types of lead because of sample preparation. Nevertheless, these methods are expensive and require trained personnel. As electrochemical techniques are less expensive, portable, and easy to use, they are a promising alternative for lead detection in drinking water. However, electrochemistry is typically only able to detect lead ions. In this work, lead scales collected from a lead pipe are characterized to determine the types of lead compounds present within the lead corrosion scale. Subsequently, membrane electrolysis (ME) is used to acidify a drinking water solution containing lead corrosion scales, allowing for the dissociation of the particulate lead into lead ions. Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) is then applied to determine the current associated with the lead ions being stripped off the working electrode, which originated from the particulates in the scales. Standard addition is used to determine the concentration of lead associated with the current response. This technique is compared to ICP-MS, and the relative errors between the two methods show that ME combined with SWASV is a viable approach for detecting lead contamination in drinking water due to lead corrosion scales.

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