Electrochemical Detection of β‐Lactoglobulin Allergen Using Titanium Dioxide/Carbon Nanochips/Gold Nanocomposite‐based Biosensor

Abstract

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the ultra-sensitive detection of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG). The novel nanocomplex of carbon nanochips, colloidal gold nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO 2 /CNC/AuC were constructed on conducting polymer, chitosan, and were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This nanocomplex interface was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and showed great improvement at the gold electrode surface with enhanced electrochemical performance, sensitivity and selectivity for β-lactoglobulin. Under optimal parameters, the square wave voltammetry (SWV) response curve was determined from 0.01 pg/mL to 500 pg/mL using [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3À /4À ] redox probe. The calibration plot illustrates a linear relationship between log β-LG concentration and SWV current, with the limit of detection determined to be 0.01 pg/mL. This immunosensor displayed high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and stability, and can be utilised for the detection of β-LG in real food samples.

Surface modification of TiO2nanoparticles with organic molecules and their biological applications

“…Hong et al developed a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the ultra-sensitive determination of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), in which they used TiO 2 NPs, carbon nanochips, and AuNPs on chitosan (as a conducting polymer). 232 This biosensor demonstrated a linear relationship between the log β-LG concentration and the square wave voltammetry (SWV) response, with a detection limit of 0.01 pg mL −1 . Due to its high stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity, this approach can be applied for the detection of β-LG in real food samples.…”

Bio-Tailored Sensing at the Nanoscale: Biochemical Aspects and Applications

“…According to this ultrasensitive device based on IgG or its derivatives, the use of such 2D nanomaterial as a stand-alone component or combined with other nanomaterials is quickly evolving in the field of immunosensors and many other examples can be recalled, e.g. : screen-printed carbon electrodes coated with GO for detection of the epithelial sodium channels in urine [ 70 ]; GO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs-Prussian blue-AuNPs on screen-printed electrodes to detect the hepatitis B surface antibody in serum [ 71 ]; glassy carbon electrodes coated with electroreduced carboxyl G and functionalized mesoporous silica NPs-Methylene blue-AuNPs for detection of galectin-3 in serum [ 72 ]; Au colloids-TiO 2 NPs-chitosan composites embedded within carbon nanochips, the latter being a complex of 6–8 rolled sheets of G, on Au electrodes for detection of β-lactoglobulin in food [ 73 ]; 3D porous cryogels made using chitosan-G-ionic liquid-ferrocene composites and decorated with AuNPs-antibodies on screen-printed carbon electrodes to detect the prostate-specific antigen in serum [ 74 ]; and ZnONPs-polyaniline-chitosan functionalized with urease on indium tin oxide electrodes to detect urea in serum [ 75 ].…”

Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Biosensors for Food Safety Detection

“…To detect β-LG, several biosensors have been developed that employ innovative techniques to detect the allergen in real food samples [ 82 ]. Hong et al developed an electrochemical biosensor that uses the conductive polymer chitosan to detect β-LG [ 73 ]. In this biosensor, TiO 2 and carbon nano-chips nanocomposites were immobilized in gold electrodes and then inoculated with β-LG antibody.…”