Electrochemical evaluation of dual-doped LiMn2O4 spinels synthesized via co-precipitation method as cathode material for lithium rechargeable batteries

Effects of multi-dopants (Zn and Ho) in stabilizing spinel structure for cathode materials in lithium rechargeable batteries—Novel chelated sol–gel synthesis

“…3(e) shows high intensity (1 1 1), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (3 3 1), (5 5 1), (4 4 0), and (3 5 1) reflections, indicating the samples with high degrees of crystallinity and better phase purities, which are in agreement with previous reports (Thirunakaran, 2014;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Vijarani, Gopukumar, & Sivashnamugam, 2012). patterns show the high-intensity reflections of undoped and doped spinels from the (1 1 1), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (3 3 1), (5 5 1), (4 4 0), and (3 5 1) planes, confirming pure phases and high degrees of crystallinity, in accord with earlier studies (Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008a;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008b;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008c;Thirunakaran, Kim, Kang, & Lee, 2005;Arumugam, Kalaigan, Vediappan, & Lee, 2010;Lee, Park, Eng, Parise, & Grey, 2002;Thirunakaran, Kim, Kang, Seo, & Lee, 2004;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, & Rajalakshimi, 2009;Thirunakaran et al, 2001;Veluchamy, Ikuta, & Wakihara, 2001;Guo et al, 2008;Fey, Lu, & Prem Kumar, 2003;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Vanitha, Gopukumar, & Sivashanmugam, 2011;Liu & Zhang, 2004;Yang et al, 2014;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Gopukumar, & Sivashanmugam, 2013). The chelating agents facilitate formation …”

LiMgxMn2−xO4 (x≤0.10) cathode materials with high rate performance prepared by molten-salt combustion at low temperature

“…Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 is one of the promising candidates to replace LiCoO 2 as a commercial cathode material because of its high potential, low cost, nontoxicity and environmental friendliness, as well as there being extensive manganese resources [1][2][3]. However, the rapid capacity fading of LiMn 2 O 4 currently restricts its practical use.…”

Solution combustion synthesis of LiMn2O4 fine powders for lithium ion batteries

“…However, the drawbacks of this method, such as long calcination time; slow reaction kinetics, which hinders the formation of pure single-phase product; and lack of control over the particle size have constrained its practical application. To overcome these drawbacks, numerous wet-chemical methods are being used, which include co-precipitation [8][9][10], hydrothermal synthesis [11,12], the sol-gel based solution combustion synthesis [13][14][15], and spray drying method [7,[16][17][18][19]. Among these, solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is a promising method, which is based on a highly exothermic, self-sustaining reaction generated by heating a solution mixture of aqueous metal salts and fuels such as urea, citric acid, and glycine.…”