Electrochemical Monitoring of ROS/RNS Homeostasis Within Individual Phagolysosomes Inside Single Macrophages

Abstract

Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.

In Vitro and In Vivo Electrochemical Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species After Treatment with Anticancer Drugs

“…It has been shown that the antitumor effect of many chemotherapeutic drugs is due to the induction of oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cell damage. − For example, doxorubicin has an anthracycline skeleton and generates ROS, which lead to DNA damage and, therefore, antitumor activity. , ROS detection, if it is to be of therapeutic value, requires sensitive, specific, and relatively simple determination methods. Nowadays there are a large number of methods for the determination of ROS: fluorescence , and chemiluminescence, , spectrophotometric, electrochemical, − and ESR-based methods . The current most popular methods for the determination of ROS are based on fluorescent and chemiluminescent dyes .…”

A Supersmall Single-Cell Nanosensor for Intracellular K + Detection

“…This study is envisioned to inspire more interest in the arenas of intracellular ion detection and single-cell electroanalysis. [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] Future studies will address equipping such nanodevices with multiple three-dimensional (3D) nanopositioning systems to probe the K + distribution in neurons. 60…”

Nitric oxide precipitates catastrophic chromosome fragmentation by bolstering both hydrogen peroxide and Fe(II) Fenton reactants in E. coli

“…Perhaps the biggest paradox of H2O2 toxicity is that inside our immune cells bacteria are presumed to be killed by H2O2 concentrations that are at least 1,000x lower than the H2O2 concentrations that start killing them in growing lab cultures. While direct electrochemical detection of ROS and RNI in phagosomes within macrophages with nano-electrodes is still being developed (25), and the outside microelectrode J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f measurements suggesting their extremely high (micromolar) concentrations (26)(27)(28) not being widely appreciated, researchers still operate with reasonable calculations, that suggest H2O2 concentrations inside the macrophage and neutrophil phagosome are on the order of 10 µM (29,30). At the same time, as mentioned above, the minimal H2O2 concentrations that kill WT E. coli in culture are 10 mM (7,21,22).…”