“…In austenitic stainless steels, which are used as core materials for the boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR), radiation-induced segregation (RIS) near the grain boundaries degrades their mechanical and chemical properties significantly [4][5][6][7]. The gravity of this problem has been considered as irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) caused by the RIS because of the depletion of the chromium concentration near the grain boundaries [8][9][10].…”
“…In austenitic stainless steels, which are used as core materials for the boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR), radiation-induced segregation (RIS) near the grain boundaries degrades their mechanical and chemical properties significantly [4][5][6][7]. The gravity of this problem has been considered as irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) caused by the RIS because of the depletion of the chromium concentration near the grain boundaries [8][9][10].…”
“…Many papers deal with corrosion of construction materials exposed to high pressure and high temperature 196. 210, 216, 219, 228, 238, 240, 246 Related processes were the anodic oxidation of gold236 and the passivation of metals like zirconium 193. Non‐aqueous pressurized solutions are investigated, since lithium batteries became important due to their applications 241.…”
Section: Historical Developmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Electrochemistry in supercritical fluids203–215, 219, 225, 240, 246, 248–263 belongs to the most amazing and promising new fields during the last decades. In many applications of practical interest, working with supercritical gases like carbon dioxide prove to be useful, for example, for extraction procedures, and in supercritical chromatography.…”
We previously demonstrated an increased liver gluconeogenesis (LG) during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Thus, an expected effect of sulphonylureas induced hypoglycaemia (SIH) could be the activation of LG. However, sulphonylureas infused directly in to the liver inhibits LG. Considering these opposite effects we investigated herein LG in rats submitted to SIH. For this purpose, 24 h fasted rats that received glibenclamide (10 mg kg(-1) ) were used (SIH group). Control group received oral saline. Glycaemia at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min after oral administration of glibenclamide were evaluated. Since the lowest glycaemia was obtained 120 min after glibenclamide administration, this time was chosen to investigate LG in situ perfused livers. The gluconeogenesis from precursors that enters in this metabolic pathway before the mitochondrial step, i.e. L-alanine (5 mM), L-lactate (2 mM), pyruvate (5 mM) and L-glutamine were decreased (p < 0·05). However, the gluconeogenic activity using glycerol (2 mM), which enters in the gluconeogenesis after the mitochondrial step was maintained. Taken together, the results suggest that the inhibition of LG promoted by SIH overcome the activation of this metabolic pathway promoted by IIH and could be attributed, at least in part, to its effect on mitochondrial function.
“…(ii) Pit initiation 15 ; metastable pitting [16][17][18] ; stable pitting [19][20][21] ; rust detachment 22 ; (iii) Changes in solution resistance; hydrogen discharge with gas bubble formation and detachment; diffusion of anion into propagating microcracks; discharge on freshly exposed metal at propagating cracks 8,[23][24][25] ; oxygen reduction 26 ; sudden film rupture such as crack propagation involving metal dissolution and water discharge [27][28][29][30][31] ; (iv) Microbial induced corrosion 32,33 ; (v) Crevice corrosion 34,35 ; mechanical impingement and abrasion [36][37][38][39][40] ; (vi) Underfilm corrosion 41 ; intergranular corrosion 42 ; exfoliation 43 ; (vii) Metal at passive state 44,45 ; (viii) High temperature processes 14,46,47 ;…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The major sources of EN observed in corrosion systems can be ascribed to macroscopic and microcosmic random (stochastic) phenomena, which have been shown to vary widely. They include the following: Uniform corrosion 13,14 ;Pit initiation 15 ; metastable pitting 16–18 ; stable pitting 19–21 ; rust detachment 22 ;Changes in solution resistance; hydrogen discharge with gas bubble formation and detachment; diffusion of anion into propagating microcracks; discharge on freshly exposed metal at propagating cracks 8,23–25 ; oxygen reduction 26 ; sudden film rupture such as crack propagation involving metal dissolution and water discharge 27–31 ;Microbial induced corrosion 32,33 ;Crevice corrosion 34,35 ; mechanical impingement and abrasion 36–40 ;Underfilm corrosion 41 ; intergranular corrosion 42 ; exfoliation 43 ;Metal at passive state 44,45 ;High temperature processes 14,46,47 ;Electrowinning 48 ; coated metal corrosion. 49–54 1 a schematic diagram of EN applications; b total reported literature related to EN applications in corrosion science from 1997 to 2014 (search conducted at Web of Science database on August 28, 2015) EN measurements can be conducted under corrosion potential or under any constant potential/current depending on the research objectives.…”
Electrochemical noise (EN), as one of the most promising in situ electrochemical methods in corrosion and electrochemical science, has been developing rapidly in recent years with the advancements in instrumentation and signal processing methods. One advantage of EN is its application in long-term or early stage corrosion process monitoring because it instantly detects corrosion rate and corrosion forms. Investigators have applied various mathematical methods to extract characteristic parameters from EN. In this paper, identifying corrosion forms using parameters obtained from time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain is reviewed, and the correlation between parameters and corrosion forms is discussed. Finally, other in situ techniques are recommended to be employed synchronously with EN measurement in order to obtain reliable analyses.
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