Electrochemical oxidation behavior of hydrochlorothiazide on a glassy carbon electrode and its voltammetric determination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids

Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation behavior of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) on a glassy carbon as a working electrode was investigated in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer pH 3, by using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). This drug gave a well-defined voltammetric oxidation peak at + 1200 mV versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The electrochemical oxidation process was shown to be irreversible and diffusion controlled, with adsorption characterized over the entire pH range. The optimized conditions, such as accumulation time and potential, scan rate, frequency, pulse amplitude, varying of working electrodes, and instrumental parameters were studied. The calibration graph for HCT was obtained from 4 × 10 to 4 × 10 M (correlation coefficient = 0.997) using the developed electroanalytical method (ASV). The detection limit of this drug was 4.3 × 10 M. ASV and CV techniques with adequate precision and accuracy have been developed and applied for direct determination of HCT in commercial tablets without separation or extraction procedures and biological fluids such as urine and plasma.

Voltammetric Determination of Anti-Hypertensive Drug Hydrochlorothiazide Using Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with L-Glutamic Acid

“…As summarized in Table 1, both LOD and LOQ were at the level of µmol L −1 , being those achieved using SPCE/EGA lower than for SPCE/PGA. Table 2 presents a comparison of the results obtained from SPCE/PGA and SPCE/EGA and those from other electrodes used in the determination of HCTZ, e.g., glassy carbon electrode [47], boron-doped diamond electrode [18], modified graphene oxide sheet paste electrode [48], or modified carbon paste electrodes [49,50]. In comparison with the summarized results, the LOD and LOQ values reached in this work for HCTZ determination are similar or even slightly lower depending on both the electrode and method considered.…”

Synthesis of nickel nanowrinkles and its application for the electrocatalytic oxidation and sensitive detection of hydrochlorothiazide

“…Several methods have been proposed for the individual or simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide with other pharmaceutical compounds including chemometry [7], spectroscopy [8][9][10][11], capillary electrophoresis [12,13], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [14][15][16][17], time resolved chemiluminescence [18], liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry [19,20], chemometry [21], and electrochemistry [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Electrochemical investigation of the voltammetric determination of hydrochlorothiazide using a nickel hydroxide modified nickel electrode

“…The determination of HCTZ in unmodified electrodes is generally difficult, because it occurs at high potential values [37][38][39]. Recently, Alghamdi [39] reported the oxidation of HCTZ in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 3.0) using a glassy carbon electrode by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).…”

“…Recently, Alghamdi [39] reported the oxidation of HCTZ in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 3.0) using a glassy carbon electrode by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using ASV, the drug gave an increase of anodic peak at +1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl with a calibration graph for HCTZ obtained from 4.0 × 10 −6 to 4.0 × 10 −5 mol L −1 and a limit of detection of 4.3 × 10 −9 mol L −1 .…”