Electrochemical Performance of Sb₄O₅Cl₂ as a New Anode Material in Aqueous Chloride-Ion Battery

Abstract

Chloride-ion battery is considered as the promising electrochemical system due to its high energy density in theory. However, aqueous chloride-ion redox materials are limitedly reported owing to their instability or dissolution in aqueous electrolyte. Here, we synthetize a new electrochemical chloride-ion material, Sb 4 O 5 Cl 2 , investigate its electrochemical performance in aqueous NaCl electrolyte, and assemble into aqueous chloride-ion battery with silver as cathode. During the battery charge process, Sb 4 O 5 Cl 2 anode electrochemically releases chloride ions, which are captured by Ag cathode with the formation of silver chloride while the discharging reverses the process. The battery demonstrates favorable electrochemical performance. With current density of 600 mA g −1 , the battery discharge capacity of 34.6 mAh g −1 can be maintained for 50 cycles. This work is greatly significant for the development of anion electrochemical energy storage. KEYWORDS: chloride-ion battery, Sb 4 O 5 Cl 2 , energy storage device, chloride-ion electrochemistry, aqueous battery

Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

“…These results indicated the principle of chloride‐ion transfer in the assembled battery. The use of another metal oxychloride anode, Sb 4 O 5 Cl 2 , has recently been reported . However, its reversible capacity of about 35 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles is much lower than that of BiOCl.…”

CoFe–Cl Layered Double Hydroxide: A New Cathode Material for High‐Performance Chloride Ion Batteries

“…As a proof of principle, a type of secondary battery based on chloride transfer has recently been demonstrated, using metal chloride salts (BiCl 3 , VCl 3 , and CoCl 2 ) as cathode and metal lithium (or magnesium) as anode, by virtue of a large change in Gibbs free energy during the phase transformation between metal chloride and metal . Several metal oxychlorides, such as BiOCl, VOCl, and Sb 4 O 5 Cl 2 were further explored as electrode materials in nonaqueous or aqueous CIBs . Despite the progress in chloride ion batteries (CIBs), many problems still exist regarding cathode materials, including unsatisfactory capacity, dissolution of cathodes by electrolytes, and large volume expansion.…”

Faradaic Electrodes Open a New Era for Capacitive Deionization

“…Given to the similarity among electrochemical technologies, the rapid development of chloride ion batteries may provide inspiration for Cl − storage in CDI systems. In such batteries, BiOCl and other metal oxychlorides, such as FeOCl, Ti-OCl, VOCl, VOCl 2 , and SnOCl 2 , have been reported as cathode materials and performed reversible reactions with good performance, [237,238,242,340] but have not yet been implemented toward Cl − capture in desalination cells. Additionally, the development of Faradaic electrode materials that can capture both Na + and Cl − is also a viable direction.…”

“…Large volume change commonly occurs in Faradaic electrode materials during prolonged charge/discharge processes, and is especially serious in conversion reaction-type electrodes (Ag/AgCl and Bi/BiOCl) with more than 150% volume expansion. [43,237] Electrode dissolution in aqueous solution will limit the long-term cyclability and cause secondary pollution to the outlet water. The dissolution of electrode materials in aqueous solution has been noted in previous electrochemical reports, [42,165,169,[341][342][343] such as disproportionation of Mn 3+ -containing manganese oxides to Mn 2+ and Mn 4+ , [165,169] the general instability of metal hexacyanometalates at pH 7, [342] and the high solubility of silver of 8.9 ppm in 600 × 10 −3 m NaCl solution.…”