Electrochemical sensing of macromolecules based on molecularly imprinted polymers: challenges, successful strategies, and opportunities

Mazzotta, Elisabetta; Giulio, Tiziano Di; Malitesta, Cosimino

doi:10.1007/s00216-022-03981-0

Cited by 46 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 209 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“…MIPs can be easily synthesized and tailored for the selective detection of target analytes and are defined as “artificial antibodies” [ 173 ]. They represent an alternative to common bioreceptors, because of their selectivity, stability, low cost, and simple and ad hoc synthesis procedure for determination of different targets, in comparison to natural and most common bioreceptors such as antibodies and aptamers for instance.…”

Section: Electrochemical Biosensors For Food Allergen Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

Curulli

2022

Biosensors

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Food allergy has been indicated as the most frequent adverse reaction to food ingredients over the past few years. Since the only way to avoid the occurrence of allergic phenomena is to eliminate allergenic foods, it is essential to have complete and accurate information on the components of foodstuff. In this framework, it is mandatory and crucial to provide fast, cost-effective, affordable, and reliable analysis methods for the screening of specific allergen content in food products. This review reports the research advancements concerning food allergen detection, involving electrochemical biosensors. It focuses on the sensing strategies evidencing different types of recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells, among others, the nanomaterial role, the several electrochemical techniques involved and last, but not least, the ad hoc electrodic surface modification approaches. Moreover, a selection of the most recent electrochemical sensors for allergen detection are reported and critically analyzed in terms of the sensors’ analytical performances. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of electrochemical biosensors for allergens are discussed.

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Section: Electrochemical Biosensors For Food Allergen Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the polymerization process, the template molecule was extracted, and cavities with dimensions, shapes, and orientations corresponding to those of the template were produced. MIPs can recognize small target molecules but also, for example, proteins and viruses [ 15 , 173 ].…”

Section: Electrochemical Biosensors For Food Allergen Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

Curulli

2022

Biosensors

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“…Most important techniques include drop coating and solution casting; knife, blade, or bar coating; spray coating; dip coating; spin coating; electrospinning; and electrochemical deposition. Another challenging method used in sensor and biosensor development which has to be mentioned but is not explicitly reviewed within the document is plasma polymerization [4,5] especially in combination with molecular imprinting [6,7]. It is not further addressed in this manuscript because of its highly specialized nature and limited use.…”

Section: Overview Of Membrane Deposition Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review of polymer and hydrogel deposition methods for optical and electrochemical bioanalytical sensors correlated to the sensor’s applicability in real samples

2022

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Sensors, ranging from in vivo through to single-use systems, employ protective membranes or hydrogels to enhance sample collection or serve as filters, to immobilize or entrap probes or receptors, or to stabilize and enhance a sensor’s lifetime. Furthermore, many applications demand specific requirements such as biocompatibility and non-fouling properties for in vivo applications, or fast and inexpensive mass production capabilities for single-use sensors. We critically evaluated how membrane materials and their deposition methods impact optical and electrochemical systems with special focus on analytical figures of merit and potential toward large-scale production. With some chosen examples, we highlight the fact that often a sensor’s performance relies heavily on the deposition method, even though other methods or materials could in fact improve the sensor. Over the course of the last 5 years, most sensing applications within healthcare diagnostics included glucose, lactate, uric acid, O2, H+ ions, and many specific metabolites and markers. In the case of food safety and environmental monitoring, the choice of analytes was much more comprehensive regarding a variety of natural and synthetic toxicants like bacteria, pesticides, or pollutants and other relevant substances. We conclude that more attention must be paid toward deposition techniques as these may in the end become a major hurdle in a sensor’s likelihood of moving from an academic lab into a real-world product. Graphical abstract

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“…One major way to overcome this is to conduct electrode functionalization. Electrode functionalization can be carried out either by immobilizing the molecular template on the electrode prior to polymerization [ 80 ] or by self-assembling a monolayer (SAM) of the cross-linker compound by arranging the molecular template matrix on the electrode to allow the formation of binding cavities that match the orientation of the molecular binding site [ 77 ].…”

Section: Molecularly Imprinted Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol

2022

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As a steroid hormone, cortisol has a close relationship with the stress response, and therefore, can be used as a biomarker for early detection of stress. An electrochemical immunosensor is one of the most widely used methods to detect cortisol, with antibodies as its bioreceptor. Apart from conventional laboratory-based methods, the trend for cortisol detection has seemed to be exploiting antibodies and aptamers. Both can provide satisfactory performance with high selectivity and sensitivity, but they still face issues with their short shelf life. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to detect macro- and micro-molecules by forming artificial antibodies as bioreceptors. MIPs are an alternative to natural antibodies, which despite demonstrating high selectivity and a low degree of cross-reactivity, often also show a high sensitivity to the environment, leading to their denaturation. MIPs can be prepared with convenient and relatively affordable fabrication processes. They also have high durability in ambient conditions, a long shelf life, and the ability to detect cortisol molecules at a concentration as low as 2 ag/mL. By collecting data from the past five years, this review summarizes the antibody and aptamer-based amperometric sensors as well as the latest developments exploiting MIPs rather than antibodies. Lastly, factors that can improve MIPs performance and are expected to be developed in the future are also explained.

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Electrochemical sensing of macromolecules based on molecularly imprinted polymers: challenges, successful strategies, and opportunities

Cited by 46 publications

References 209 publications

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

Critical review of polymer and hydrogel deposition methods for optical and electrochemical bioanalytical sensors correlated to the sensor’s applicability in real samples

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol

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