Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Various Phenolic Compounds in Wine Samples Using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

Abstract

Phenolic compounds contain classes of flavonoids and non-flavonoids, which occur naturally as secondary metabolites in plants. These compounds, when consumed in food substances, improve human health because of their antioxidant properties against oxidative damage diseases. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MCPE) for the electrosensitive determination of sinapic acid, syringic acid, and rutin. The characterization techniques adapted for CPE, MCPE electrodes, and the solution interface were cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scan rate and pH were the parameters subjected to optimization studies for the determination of phenolic compounds. The incorporation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the CPE as a sensor showed excellent sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and low preparation cost. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained were 2.2 × 10−7 M for sinapic acid, 2.6 × 10−7 M for syringic acid, and 0.8 × 10−7 M for rutin, respectively. The fabricated electrochemical sensor was applied to determine phenolic compounds in real samples of red and white wine.

Development of an Electrochemical Sensing System for Wine Component Analysis

“…Differentiation is possible using CV, as red, rosé, and white wines containing different concentrations of redox-active molecules. The peak current and potential depend on the concentration of redox-active molecules . In addition, the concentration of an unknown solution can be determined by generating a calibration curve of current versus concentration .…”

“…The peak current and potential depend on the concentration of redox-active molecules. 40 In addition, the concentration of an unknown solution can be determined by generating a calibration curve of current versus concentration. 41 The integral peak area (calculated using Origin software (OriginLab OriginPro 8.5)) was obtained from the voltammetric recording and was proportional to the current.…”

Research developments in carbon materials based sensors for determination of hormones

“…Carbonbased electrode materials have a broad spectrum of real-time applications for detection and estimation of molecules and ions. Presently there are various reports of carbon-based electrochemical devices in investigations of vitamins [42][43][44][45][46], hormones [47][48][49], drugs [50][51][52], dyes [53,54], metal ions [55,56], pesticides [57,58], phenolic compounds [59,60], neurotransmitters [61][62][63] etc., and even pathogens like viruses [64] and bacteria [65]. Also, carbon-based materials have great application in the research of kinetics of electrochemical reactions and electronic states [66], supercapacitors, batteries [67], aerospace applications [68], different types of sensors [69], drugdelivery platforms, anticancer therapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapies, radiation treatment, bimolecular absorption [70] etc.…”

Rapid Inkjet-Printed Miniaturized Interdigitated Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite and Taste Stimuli

“…Interdigitated electrodes are often employed for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique for quantitative sensing [ 10 ]. EIS is used to analyze the impedance behavior of the system at applied potential with varying frequencies and finds application in various fields including chemical analysis [ 11 , 12 ], study of fuel cells and batteries [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], corrosion analysis [ 16 ], etc. Total impedance (Z), represented as a combination of a real part and an imaginary part, is an important parameter for analyzing electrode–electrolyte interactions in aqueous systems.…”