Electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of fentanyl using laser-induced porous carbon-electrodes

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…(FTIR) spectroscopy and immunoassay strips for fentanyl [ 90 ]; use of Eosin Y as a potential new color test for use in detecting fentanyl [ 91 ]; FTIR spectroscopy and immunoassay strips for checking content of fentanyl in drugs [ 90 ]; SERS method for detecting fentanyl and two of its chemical precursors, despropionylfentanyl (4ANPP) and N-phenethyl-4-piperidinone (NPP) [ 92 ]; electrochemical method for the detection of fentanyl in aqueous solutions [ 93 ]; sensor for fentanyl detection in presence of interferents in pharmaceutical preparations, serum and urine [ 94 ]; Square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) with a carbon electrode for detection, identification, and semi-quantitation of fentanyl in seized drug samples [ 95 ]; electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of fentanyl [ 96 ]; preparation of disposable single-walled carbon nanotube network electrodes for the detection of fentanyl [ 97 ]; 2021 glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical determination of fentanyl [ 98 ]; evaluation of the performance of two immunoassay techniques versus LC-MS/MS for the detection of fentanyl [ 99 ]; portable Raman spectrometer for detection and quantification of fentanyl both powder binary mixtures and more complex ternary mixtures [ 100 ]; colorimetric method for detection of fentanyl using a Rose Bengal probe [ 101 ]; study of false positives obtained when using fentanyl test strips on street sample preparations that included illicit stimulants, cutting agents and/or pharmaceuticals [ 102 ]; handheld, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) system used to obtain SERS spectra of fentanyl under simulated field conditions [ 103 ]; SPME-GC-MS to collect and establish the vapor signature of pure pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl and diluted pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl [ 104 ]; portable SERS approach for rapid, on-site identification and quantification of trace fentanyl laced in recreational drugs [ 105 ]; multivariate analysis aided SERS (MVA-SERS) multiplex quantitative detection of trace fentanyl in illicit drug mixtures using a handheld Raman spectrometer [ 106 ]; surface-enhanced shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SE-SERDS) for trace detection of fentanyl in beverages [ 107 ]; 2022 a surfactant-involved colorimetric assay for detection of fentanyl [ 108 ]; electrochemical sensors for fentanyl detection [ 109 ]; SERS platform for portable detection and identification of trace fentanyl [ 110 ].…”

Organ-on-a-Chip Platform with an Integrated Screen-Printed Electrode Array for Real-Time Monitoring Trans-Epithelial Barrier and Bubble Formation

“…Due to the higher accuracy of this measurement, several automated devices have been commercialized for measuring the transendothelial impedance of various barrier-forming cells in culture. , However, such systems still have disadvantages, including discontinuous time-lapse measurements and the need to reuse the electrodes for each measurement, which requires proper reconditioning and calibration in a control buffer solution before each measurement and limits their use in long-term on-chip devices with microfluidic systems . Although more recent reports have shown the use of micro-engineering in preparing microelectrode arrays for on-chip TEER measurement with impedance spectroscopy assessment, most of them require costly and time-consuming photolithography and etching processes, which increases the overall cost of the device and contradicts the rationale to be used for disposable cell-culture applications. ,, Hence, for the first time, this work reports the development of a cost-effective fabrication process of a disposable microfluidics system with an integrated electrode array for real-time monitoring of TEER and air bubble formation. − The fabrication process takes advantage of additive manufacturing and scalable processing methods, including screen printing and laser cutting, for simple fabrication and integration of the electrode array with the microfluidic system. − The prime aim of the bubble detection system is to detect potential disturbance (>1 mm diameter air bubbles) in the culture medium, which can result in false measurements due to unwanted stress in the cells. Hence, to avoid such circumstances, a linear electrode array was positioned within the proximity of the cell culture region to detect bubbles by real-time monitoring electrical impedance throughout the microfluidic channel.…”

Biocompatibility and Safety Assessment of Combined Topical Ozone and Antibiotics for Treatment of Infected Wounds

“…More recently, gaseous ozone has been shown to provide effective antiviral and antibacterial activity properties that can be used to treat chronic and infected wounds . Similar to CAP treatments, there are well-documented studies on the use of ozone to disinfect, stimulate, and promote wound healing. − However, the main advantage of ozone therapy compared to the CAP system is the possibility of inexpensively generating it through portable low-power systems. − The antimicrobial activities of ozone are explained by its strong oxidative tendency that causes it to react and disrupt the lipids and proteins on bacterial membranes. This, in turn, increases diffusion into the bacteria leading to lysis and death. , However, the need to often use high concentration (>200 ppm) ozone to provide the necessary antimicrobial efficacy in wound sites can also result in negative side effects such as skin irritation and toxicity to the surrounding tissue and impair the wound healing process. , To address this, our group has recently investigated the possibility of using ozone at relatively lower concentrations as an adjunct therapy to increase the efficacy of topical antibiotics without facing the complications of ozone toxicity. − In this approach, ozone is used to overcome the bacterial defense against antibiotics by permeabilizing its membranes and facilitating the transport of antibiotics into the bacteria. , This will allow the treatment to effectively treat developing G-ve infections to prevent further complications, such as biofilm formation.…”