Electrochemical Sensors

Simões, Fábio Ruiz; Xavier, Miguel G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-49780-0.00006-5

Cited by 137 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The polarization of the electrodes and measurement of the variation of the output parameter is dependent on the sensing approaches, which could be potentiometric, voltametric, conductimetric, or amperometric. A filter, between the membrane and the environment gases, can be used to limit contact with unwanted gases, improving accuracy and sensitivity on these devices [31,90,92,[115][116][117]. The representation of an amperometric electrochemical gas sensor is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All sub types of electrochemical sensors rely on the reduction of the cathode to hydroxyl ions; when the anode material is completely oxidized, the sensor has reached the end of its lifetime and must be changed [31,32]. Electroanalytical measurements can be executed with four different sensing approaches, in where each sensing technique will better fit a different necessity of sensing gases: Potentiometric, Voltametric, Conductimetric and Amperometric [90,92,117].…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potentiometric Sensors: they have as an output the electrical tension proportional to the equilibrium potential of an indicator electrode, where the absence of the target gas results on the output of 0 Volts (V). This measurement method results in high selective transducers, which are able to measure only low concentrations of the target gases [90,92,117].…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Voltametric Sensors: they have output current as a function of the concentration of the target gas and the applied potential, generating measurements of low gas concentration; this allows the measurement of more than one gas, with the variation of the input electrical potential. The applied potential, as well as the choice of the electrodes, can result in a highly selective transducer [90,92,117].…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conductimetric Sensors: they are mostly used by detecting the presence of the target gas after a determined threshold; this relies on the measurement of the resistance of the solution, which means that these sensors are not selective and more than one gas can change its resistance [90,92,117].…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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Ambient gas detection and measurement had become essential in diverse fields and applications, from preventing accidents, avoiding equipment malfunction, to air pollution warnings and granting the correct gas mixture to patients in hospitals. Gas leakage can reach large proportions, affecting entire neighborhoods or even cities, causing enormous environmental impacts. This paper elaborates on a deep review of the state of the art on gas-sensing technologies, analyzing the opportunities and main characteristics of the transducers, as well as towards their integration through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This should ease the information collecting and sharing processes, granting better experiences to users, and avoiding major losses and expenses. The most promising wireless-based solutions for ambient gas monitoring are analyzed and discussed, open research topics are identified, and lessons learned are shared to conclude the study.Technologies to sense gases and wireless communications support are elaborated in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. The most promising solutions in terms of sensing methods and IoT-enabled solutions are discussed in Section 7 and open research topics are identified. Lessons learned are shared at Section 8 and, finally, Section 9 concludes the study. Background on Environmental GasesSome gases are the key to ensure the functionality of systems and entire industries, as well as the presence of other gases being a problem in other fields, causing the loss of entire production lines, as in the food industry, or even cause the loss of lives and explosions. In this section, the most important gases in terms of pollution monitoring and control, health issues, and accident prevention are listed with their main characteristics.Oxygen (O 2 ) is the most important gas for life, and is crucial in numerous fields. Patients under anesthesia, or recovering from surgery and from certain diseases need controlled O 2 doses to keep them alive and fully recovered. The decrease of oxygen levels in enclosed spaces can be related with other gases leakage, which would lead people inside these spaces to asphyxiate, leading to an unconscious state, or even to death [29]. Numerous industrial processes rely on the correct concentration of this gas to achieve the best results, mainly chemical and combustion, which without the correct percentages will not grant the best performance of systems. Engine control systems depend on the correct mixture to achieve the expected performances, whether it is lower fuel consumption or power and speed [29][30][31][32].Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a colorless, odorless gas, generated by the oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbon, as well as by living beings in the respiration process. It is a key gas for the greenhouse effect, and the increase of its levels, in the presence of other gases, is related with atmospheric pollution. It is also the key gas on the oxygen production by the photosynthesis process. The accumulation of this gas in enclosed spaces can be responsible to s...

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Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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MOFThin Films as Electrochemical Sensor

Bandara,

Perera

2023

Organic and Inorganic Materials Based Sensors

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Paper‐Based, Chemiresistive Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

Giaretta

Oveissi

Dehghani

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Detecting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the side product of enzymatic reactions is of great interest in food and medical applications. Despite the advances in this field, the majority of reported H2O2 sensors are bulky, expensive, limited to only one phase detection (either gas or liquid), and require multistep fabrications. This article aims to address some of these limitations by presenting a 3D printable paper‐based sensor made from poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) decorated with horseradish peroxidase, an enzyme able to interact with H2O2. Unlike most electrochemical PEDOT:PSS‐based H2O2 sensors with voltametric or potentiometric mechanisms, the sensing mechanism in this technology is impedimetric, significantly simplifying the fabrication process. Here, the resistance of sensors proportionally changes with H2O2 concentration upon exposure to liquid or gas with a linear trend within the range of 61.3 × 10−9 and 61.3 × 10−6 m H2O2. The observed correlation between the resistance and H2O2 concentration is highly dependent on the level of integrated enzyme, suggesting the direct contribution of horseradish peroxidase in the co‐redoxing of PEDOT:PSS in the presence of H2O2. Raman and UV–vis spectroscopies also confirm the structural change of PEDOT in the presence of H2O2 which is facilitated by the enzyme.

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Electrochemical Sensors

Cited by 137 publications

References 35 publications

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

MOFThin Films as Electrochemical Sensor

Paper‐Based, Chemiresistive Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

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