Electrochemical Sensors for Nitric Oxide Detection in Biological Applications

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiological processes and it has been confirmed some human diseases are related to its biological function. Electrochemical sensors provide an efficient way to explore the NO function in biological processes. This review details different kinds of electrochemical sensors used for NO concentration detection between 2008 and 2013 together with their application in biological samples. Four commonly used electrodes and different assisted analysis membranes used for contributions towards the development of the novel sensors were summarized. Electrochemical sensors employed to measure NO concentration in a single cell, cell culture, tissue homogenate, organ, in vivo, human being, as well as in plant were also detailed. The trends of developing novel NO sensors were outlooked in the last part.

Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors for nitric oxide

“…Electrochemical sensor represents one of the most promising approaches for the determination of NO for its low detection limit, fast response, easy manufacturing, small size, and allowing real-time measurement of NO concentration in biological samples [20][21][22]. A wide variety of sensors have been designed for the measurement of NO in solution, which are typically composed of a permselective membrane for discriminating against interferences, and a sensitive surface capable of the electro-oxidation or electro-reduction of NO [22,23].…”

Human intestinal gas measurement systems: in vitro fermentation and gas capsules

“…Recent advances in micromachining technologies have enabled large-scale and low-cost microfabrication , and methane (CH 4 ) arising from the fecal inocula from a healthy human subject, while the cumulative pressure (total gas production) is measured as the reference [40]. of new gas-sensitive materials, microelectrodes, microheaters, microphotoemitters, and microphotodetectors, which has led to the development of electrochemical, optical, and calorimetric gas sensors with miniature dimensions and reduced power consumption [46][47][48][49][50] (Table 2). Similar to the fecal culture environment, the gastrointestinal tract has high humidity.…”

Analysis of Nitric Oxide from Chemical Donors Using CMOS Platinum Microelectrodes

“…NO detection can be challenging, however, due to its short aqueous lifetime 1,6. Samples for laboratory studies are typically generated by bubbling NO gas through water to make a saturated solution, reducing nitrate or nitrite in solution to form NO, or by using a NO‐releasing compound 11. NO‐releasing compounds can provide long‐term, constant NO release, allowing samples to be easily prepared and generate steady state NO concentrations.…”

“…Many NO donors have been synthesized, and decompose through various mechanisms to generate NO. S ‐Nitrosothiols can decompose through a variety of mechanisms, including catalysis by Cu + , light, and pH, and NONOates (1‐substituted diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolates) decompose to form NO in an acid‐catalyzed dissociation 11–13. Of these, ( Z )‐1‐[ N ‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐ N ‐(2‐ammonioethyl)amino]diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate (DETA/NO) offers the advantage of a long half‐life in solution (56 h at 25 °C) relative to other NO‐donating compounds 12,14,15.…”