“…Nickel/metal aqueous batteries based on Faradaic reactions of electrode materials, with intrinsically nonflammable and green electrolytes, are among the promising alternative candidates. Several types of electrochemical redox couples have been explored, such as nickel/cadmium, , nickel/zinc, , and nickel/iron. − In almost all of these nickel/metal batteries, α-Ni(OH) 2 /γ-NiOOH is a primary redox system that has been used as the positive electrodes, where α-Ni(OH) 2 allows for 1.6–2.0 exchanged electrons per Ni atom when cycled to γ-NiOOH phase, giving rise to a high theoretical capacity. , However, its poor rate property and short cycling life remain a main drawback because of the poor electrical conductivity and instability of α-Ni(OH) 2 , which can easily transform to β-phase Ni(OH) 2 upon aging in strong alkaline solution. − However, new anode materials with high capacity, good cycling performance, and low cost are apparently desired. Bismuth oxide, when chosen as the negative electrode for Ni/Bi battery, has been demonstrated to show great promise as an electrode material, by its highly reversible redox reaction, outstanding rate capability, and favorable negative working window especially in aqueous electrolyte.…”