Electrochemical study on nano-Sn, Li4.4Sn and AlSi0.1 powders used as secondary lithium battery anodes

Wang, Chunsheng; Appleby, A.J.; Little, Frank E.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00576-0

Cited by 128 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…There are different mechanisms behind lithium uptake and release. These mechanisms include: (1) intercalation into a crystalline host (such as in lithium cobalt oxide, (2) electroplating (lithium metal), (3) alloying with metals (such as with silicon 33 ), (4) conversion reaction, 34 and (5) other types of insertion such as in amorphous carbon. Among them, several have been already commercialized or are under development.…”

Section: Active Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Heelan

Gratz²,

Zheng

et al. 2016

JOM

215

162

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The lithium ion (Li-ion) battery industry has been growing exponentially since its initial inception in the late 20th century. As battery materials evolve, the applications for Li-ion batteries have become even more diverse. To date, the main source of Li-ion battery use varies from consumer portable electronics to electric/hybrid electric vehicles. However, even with the continued rise of Liion battery development and commercialization, the recycling industry is lagging; approximately 95% of Li-ion batteries are landfilled instead of recycled upon reaching end of life. Industrialized recycling processes are limited and only capable of recovering secondary raw materials, not suitable for direct reuse in new batteries. Most technologies are also reliant on high concentrations of cobalt to be profitable, and intense battery sortation is necessary prior to processing. For this reason, it is critical that a new recycling process be commercialized that is capable of recovering more valuable materials at a higher efficiency. A new technology has been developed by the researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute which is capable of recovering LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 cathode material from a hydrometallurgical process, making the recycling system as a whole more economically viable. By implementing a flexible recycling system that is closed-loop, recycling of Li-ion batteries will become more prevalent saving millions of pounds of batteries from entering the waste stream each year.

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Section: Active Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Heelan

Gratz²,

Zheng

et al. 2016

JOM

215

162

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“…It is well known that Sn has received much interest due to high specific capacity (991 mAh/g for Li 22 Sn 5 ), but in actual cycles, tin suffers from severe volume variation with insertion and extraction of lithium and then results in metal pulverization, cracking, or delamination. To overcome these defects, some nanosized synthesis methods have been developed [2][3], and these methods can partly reduce the volumetric change and avoid the stress concentrations, but some negative effects should be noticed: fine particles tend to agglomerate during the lithiation/delithiation course, which would lead to the irreversible capacity loss and electrode pulverization finally, meanwhile, solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films are also formed, consuming an amount of active lithium ions due to huge specific surfaces of nanostructures. It seems that a mixed conductor matrix structure instead of pure Sn is an effective and simple way to control the volume expansion and maintain long cycle life [4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-principles calculations and experimental studies of Sn-Zn alloys as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2011

Rare Metals

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The physical characters and electrochemical properties of various phases in a Sn-Zn electrode, such as formation energy, plateau potential, specific capacity, as well as volume expansion, were calculated by the first-principles plane-wave pseudo-potential method based on the density functional theory. Sn-Zn films were also deposited on copper foils by an electroless plating technique. The actual composition and chemical characters were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), and constant current charge/discharge measurements (CC). The results show that separation phases with tin and zinc including a small quantity of Cu 6 Sn 5 phase were obtained, the initial lithium insertion capacity of the Sn-Zn film was 661 mAh/g, and obvious potential plateaus of about 0.4 V and 0.7 V were displayed, which is in accordance with the results of theoretical calculations. The capacity of the Sn-Zn film decreased seriously with the increase of cycle number.

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“…The employment of silicon as an anode material, however, has difficulties for the following reasons: (a) the poor cycle performance due to the large volume changes that occur during repeated alloying/de-alloying reactions, and (b) the low electrical conductivity of silicon itself. The disadvantages of using silicon as the anode material for lithium secondary batteries are consequently related to its poor electrical conductivity and the drastic volume changes that occur during the charging-discharging process [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical characteristics of phosphorus doped silicon and graphite composite for the anode materials of lithium secondary batteries

et al. 2008

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Poly-crystalline silicon particles with a diameter of 80∼100 nm were synthesized by the plasma arc discharge method. Natural graphite, poly-crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon/graphite composite and phosphorus doped poly-crystalline silicon/graphite composite particles were used as the anode materials of lithium secondary batteries and their electrochemical performances were compared. The phosphorus component on the surface and internal structure of the silicon particles were observed by XPS and SIMS analyses, respectively. In our experiments, the phosphorus doped silicon/graphite composite electrode exhibited better cycle performance than the intrinsic silicon/ graphite composite electrode. The discharge capacity retention efficiency of the intrinsic silicon/graphite composite and phosphorus doped silicon/graphite composite electrodes after 20 cycles were 8.5% and 75%, respectively. The doping of phosphorus leads to an increase in the electrical conductivity of silicon, which plays an important role in enhancing the cycle performance. The incorporation of silicon into graphite has a synergetic effect on the mitigation of the volume change and conducting medium in the composite electrode during the charge-discharge reaction.

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Electrochemical study on nano-Sn, Li4.4Sn and AlSi0.1 powders used as secondary lithium battery anodes

Cited by 128 publications

References 22 publications

Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

First-principles calculations and experimental studies of Sn-Zn alloys as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Electrochemical characteristics of phosphorus doped silicon and graphite composite for the anode materials of lithium secondary batteries

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