Electrochemistry and Determination of an Antiviral Drug at Ionic Liquids Crystals-Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

Favipiravir (Fav) is an antiviral drug administered for the treatment of pulmonary infection and is also among the approved drugs for the treatment of lung inflammation in humans infected with COVID-19. Here we introduce the electrochemical behavior of Fav at ionic liquid crystals (ILCs)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified electrode. The proposed electrode is ready for use in a one-step preparation protocol, is employed with low-cost instrumentation, and is distinctly sensitive and selective for the determination of the drug both in human serum and in commercially available medications. Ionic liquid crystals allow ionic interaction with the drug to realize its surface preconcentration. The limits of detection and quantification for the determination of Fav in blood-serum within the concentration range 0.9 to 150 μmol l–1 are 0.0161 and 0.119 μmol l–1, respectively. The sensor proved effective in the concurrent determination of several drugs used as prescribed “add-on” medication for the virus or for the treatment of other chronic diseases of some patients.

Synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles anchored on conductive carbon black as an efficient electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of anti-COVID-19 drug Favipiravir in absence and presence of co-administered drug Paracetamol

“…Based on the slope of the linear plot, which was 0.028, αn was calculated to be 0.92. Using the value of the α = 0.68 obtained from the equation α = (47.7/E P – E P/2 ) [20] , the electron transfer number during the FVP oxidation was 1.35 (≈ 1.0), which is consistent with other reports [12] , [13] . The proposed mechanism of FVP oxidation catalyzed by the Au@CCB/GNFPE can be described in Scheme 3 .…”

“…The regression equation was E Pa (V) = 1.3 – 0.054 pH, R 2 = 0.9993. This slope of the plot between E Pa (V) and pH implied that equal numbers of electrons and protons were involved in the electro-catalytic oxidation of FVP on the Au@CCB/GNFPE sensor [12] , [13] .

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“…Therefore, a selective and sensitive sensor is required to determine FVP in pharmaceutical and biological samples such as urine and plasma. As a practical alternative strategy, the electrochemical analysis methods have the advantages of simple fabrication, convenient operation, fast response, cost effectiveness, and remarkable sensitivity [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] . However, the electrochemical methods also suffer from a high selectivity in detecting analytes.…”

Voltammetric Determination of Favipiravir Used as an Antiviral Drug for the Treatment of Covid‐19 at Pencil Graphite Electrode

“…The development of sensitive, accurate, and reliable analytical methods with low cost is required to trace and determine this important drug, which has become more important today in different matrices such as biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations. Literature surveying shows that various analytical methods based on the use of UV‐Vis spectrophotometry [13] , spectrofluorimetry [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], chromatography [ 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], and electrochemical techniques [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] have been developed to determine FAV in pharmaceutical tablets and biological matrices such as urine and human plasma. Among them, electrochemical sensors have been broadly used in pharmaceutical analysis because electrochemical methods have some advantages such as low cost, miniaturization, portability, fast response, acceptable sensitivity, high accuracy, precision, and selectivity, ease of operation, and allowing the use of green solutions such as aqueous buffer solutions instead of toxic organic solvents [ 24 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Nanotechnology and COVID-19: Prevention, diagnosis, vaccine, and treatment strategies

“…Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit limitations in terms of toxicity for the treatment of COVID-19 (Sadighbayan et al, 2020;Jeong et al, 2021;Joshi et al, 2021). When exposed to the lungs, they activate macrophages in the lower respiratory tract, causing fibrosis and collagen formation in the lesions (Bisht et al, 2021;Galal et al, 2021;Özmen et al, 2021). Lipid-coated MSNPs containing antiviral agent (ML336) were developed as a strategy to improve antiviral circulation time and biocompatibility.…”