Voltammetric Determination of Favipiravir Used as an Antiviral Drug for the Treatment of Covid‐19 at Pencil Graphite Electrode

Abstract

This work describes the sensitive voltammetric determination of favipiravir (FAV) based on its reduction for the first time with a low‐cost and disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE). In addition, the determination of FAV was also performed based on its oxidation. Differential pulse (DP) voltammograms recorded in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 for the reduction of FAV show that peak currents increase linearly in the range of 1.0 to 600.0 μM with a limit of detection of 0.35 μM. The acceptable recovery values (98.9–106.0 %) obtained from a pharmaceutical tablet, real human urine, and artificial blood serum samples spiked with FAV confirm the high accuracy of the proposed method.

Prediction of Metastable Zone Widths: Optimizing the Nucleation Potential Model with Solid–Liquid Interfacial Energy

“…Favipiravir (chemical name: 6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide, molecular formula: C 5 H 4 FN 3 O 2 , molecular weight: 157.104), a potent RdRp inhibitor and purine nucleic acid analog, was first developed by Toyama Chemical Company in 2014. It has antiviral properties against influenza viruses due to modified pyrazine analogs; , therefore, it has been used as an antiviral medication against Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV-2. , The crystallization process investigation of favipiravir is crucial due to its exceptional potential for mass production. The nucleation study could help us to understand and control the key parameters, enabling the optimization of the whole crystallization process.…”

“…It has antiviral properties against influenza viruses due to modified pyrazine analogs; 22,23 therefore, it has been used as an antiviral medication against Lassa virus, 24 Ebola virus, 25 and SARS-CoV-2. 26,27 The crystallization process investigation of favipiravir is crucial due to its exceptional potential for mass production. The nucleation study could help us to understand and control the key parameters, enabling the optimization of the whole crystallization process.…”

The application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified pencil graphite electrode for voltammetric determination of favipiravir used in COVID-19 treatment

“…The coronavirus disease, known as coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which manifests itself with acute respiratory syndrome, is a very dangerous viral disease [ 1 ]. SARS-CoV-2 (aka COVID-19), which first appeared in Wuhan, China, on December 2019, still affects the world through its various variants such as Omicron, Delta, and Ba.2–5 [ 2 ]. This viral disease manifests itself with mild symptoms and also causes serious diseases such as multi-organ failure, arrhythmias, shock, kidney and heart failure in advanced stages resulting in death [ 2 ].…”

“…SARS-CoV-2 (aka COVID-19), which first appeared in Wuhan, China, on December 2019, still affects the world through its various variants such as Omicron, Delta, and Ba.2–5 [ 2 ]. This viral disease manifests itself with mild symptoms and also causes serious diseases such as multi-organ failure, arrhythmias, shock, kidney and heart failure in advanced stages resulting in death [ 2 ]. COVID-19 caused a pandemic declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 due to a major public health emergency [ 3 ].…”

“…However, these classical analytical techniques are often not easily accessible and require costly instruments, toxic solvents, and difficult and time-consuming sample preparation steps [ 13 , 14 ]. Among these methods, electrochemical methods have received great attention due to their ease of use, high sensitivity, and low cost [ 1 , 2 , 6 ]. Therefore, it is recommended to develop sensitive, selective, and cost-effective electroanalytical procedures for the estimation of FVP in human plasma [ 15 ].…”