Electrode materials for electrosynthesis

Couper, A. M.; Pletcher, Derek; Walsh, Frank C.

doi:10.1021/cr00103a010

Cited by 257 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We are not aware of any substantial reviews of lead dioxide electrodes in recent years. The history and fundamental chemistry of PbO 2 anodes is covered in 1972 and 1986 reviews by Hampson,5,11 a 1979 book by Kuhn, 8 a 1990 Chemical Review of electrode materials 12 and a more recent chapter by Salkind et al 10 The period since the last review has seen major developments in lead dioxide coatings.…”

Section: Derek Pletchermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past 50 years, perchlorates have been manufactured by the anodic oxidation of the corresponding chlorate and plants in the USA, Japan, Europe and India have used PbO 2 coated graphite or titanium anodes; 8,12,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][162][163][164] the most detailed discussion of process conditions come from the Indian group led by Udupa. [62][63][64][65][66][67] Typical conditions are an electrolyte consisting of 250 g litre À1 of the chlorate, pH 7, at a temperature of B330 K, a PbO 2 anode and a steel cathode and a current density of 50 mA cm À2 .…”

Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

2011

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Lead dioxide coatings on inert substrates such as titanium and carbon now offer new opportunities for a material known for 150 years. It is now recognised that electrodeposition allows the preparation of stable coatings with different phase structures and a wide range of surface morphologies. In addition, substantial modification to the physical properties and catalytic activities of the coatings are possible through doping and the fabrication of nanostructured deposits or composites. In addition to applications as a cheap anode material in electrochemical technology, lead dioxide coatings provide unique possibilities for probing the dependence of catalytic activity on layer composition and structure (critical review, 256 references).

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Section: Derek Pletchermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

2011

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“…Major trends in reactor design have included [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]:…”

Section: Trends In Environmental Electrochemical Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Continued developments in our understanding and documentation of the electrodes and membranes [12,13] and electrochemical reactor design [14,15] together with increasing industrial experience of their use [16,17] are resulting in a more widespread acceptability of electrochemical technology and its features ( Table 2). The scale of electrochemical technology is diverse and ranges from single microelectrode probes of perhaps 10 -10 m 2 through to large parallel plate cell houses of total electrode area <10 4 m 2 in chloralkali industry and load-leveling redox flow cell developments [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Walsh

2001

Pure and Applied Chemistry

175

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Abstract:The applications of electrochemical technology in environmental treatment, materials recycling, and clean synthesis are briefly reviewed. The diversity of these applications is shown by the number of industrial sectors involved. The scale of operation ranges from microelectrodes to large industrial cell rooms. The features of electrochemical processes are summarized.Available and developing electrode designs are considered and illustrated by examples including the regeneration of chromic acid electroplating baths, metal ion removal by porous, 3-dimensional cathodes, rotating cylinder electrodes (RCEs), and a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) RCE. The use of performance indicators based on mass transport, electrode area, and power consumption is emphasized.Electrochemical reactors for energy conversion are considered, with an emphasis on load-leveling and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) (hydrogen-oxygen) fuel cells. Ionexchange membranes play an essential role in such reactors, and the variation of electrical resistance vs. membrane thickness is described for a series of extruded, Nafion® 1100 EW materials. The characterization of high-surface-area, platinized Nafion surfaces is also considered. The development of modular, filter-press cells as redox flow cells in electrical loadleveling applications is concisely described.Trends in electrode, membrane, and reactor design are highlighted, and the challenges for the development of improved reactors for environmental treatment are noted.

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“…Moreover, the rational development of electrocatalysts, 1,2 for a variety of applications, from energy conversion and storage [3][4][5][6][7] to electrosynthesis 8,9 and electrochemical sensors, 10 requires knowledge of electrode structure-activity relationships. A major area of interest is the structure-dependent reactivity of platinum and other platinum-group metals, which have proven to be among the most efficient electrocatalysts for a wide variety of reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudo-Single-Crystal Electrochemistry on Polycrystalline Electrodes: Visualizing Activity at Grains and Grain Boundaries on Platinum for the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ Redox Reaction

et al. 2013

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The influence of electrode surface structure on electrochemical reaction rates and mechanisms is a major theme in electrochemical research, especially as electrodes with inherent structural heterogeneities are used ubiquitously. Yet, probing local electrochemistry and surface structure at complex surfaces is challenging. In this paper, high spatial resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) complemented with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is demonstrated as a means of performing ‘pseudo-single-crystal’ electrochemical measurements at individual grains of a polycrystalline platinum electrode, while also allowing grain boundaries to be probed. Using the Fe2+/3+ couple as an illustrative case, a strong correlation is found between local surface structure and electrochemical activity. Variations in electrochemical activity for individual high index grains, visualized in a weakly adsorbing perchlorate medium, show that there is higher activity on grains with a significant (101) orientation contribution, compared to those with (001) and (111) contribution, consistent with findings on single-crystal electrodes. Interestingly, for Fe2+ oxidation in a sulfate medium a different pattern of activity emerges. Here, SECCM reveals only minor variations in activity between individual grains, again consistent with single-crystal studies, with a greatly enhanced activity at grain boundaries. This suggests that these sites may contribute significantly to the overall electrochemical behavior measured on the macroscale.

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Electrode materials for electrosynthesis

Cited by 257 publications

References 36 publications

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Pseudo-Single-Crystal Electrochemistry on Polycrystalline Electrodes: Visualizing Activity at Grains and Grain Boundaries on Platinum for the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ Redox Reaction

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Electrode materials for electrosynthesis

Cited by 257 publications

References 36 publications

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Pseudo-Single-Crystal Electrochemistry on Polycrystalline Electrodes: Visualizing Activity at Grains and Grain Boundaries on Platinum for the Fe2+/Fe3+ Redox Reaction

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Product

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Pseudo-Single-Crystal Electrochemistry on Polycrystalline Electrodes: Visualizing Activity at Grains and Grain Boundaries on Platinum for the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ Redox Reaction