Electrode processes in black liquor electrolysis and their significance for hydrogen production

Ghatak, Himadri Roy; Kumar, Satish; Kundu, Patit Paban

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.051

Cited by 48 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Pulping effluent is always produced in the process of fiber manufacturing and papermaking, and is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic matter mainly containing lignin and polysaccharide [24]. A substantial amount of wastewater also needs to be treated in this process, since the water causes high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and becomes dark in color, with lignin and phenolic substances present [25]. However, these elements are critical for adhesion between fibers [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Wang

Wang²,

Liu

et al. 2019

Materials

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This study aimed to improve straw-based fiberboard properties without resins by adding pulping effluent as well as to investigate the difference among boards under variable hot-pressing temperatures. The characterization of fiberboards produced from wheat straw under pressing temperatures ranging from 160 to 200 °C was first described. The surface appearance, surface chemistry, thermal transitions, and mechanical performance of the boards were evaluated to investigate the effect of varying hot-pressing temperature. The results indicated that the surface color of boards became darker when the temperature was above 190 °C. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) measurements showed that more low-molecular constituents and hydrogen bonds were produced under higher pressing temperatures. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical property data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). The results demonstrated that straw-based fiberboards with effluent under 190 °C exhibited superior strength and water resistance capacities, and showed great potential in commercial decorating and packaging applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Wang

Wang²,

Liu

et al. 2019

Materials

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“…Between the late 80'sa nd 2009, many studies were reported for the electrochemical degradation of lignin as at reatment methodf or industrial wastewater streamst hat contain lignin, [77][78][79][80] lignin-enhanced water electrolysis, [81] and hydrogen production. [82][83][84][85] Still others used electrocatalysis as aw ay to modify lignin via nitriding, [86] silylation, phosphorylation, and fluorination to enhancet he number of active functional groups and consequently the lignin reactivity. [87] The degradation of lignin to form value-added products such as vanillin was also studied using various electrode types such as Pt, Au, Ni, Cu, DSA-O 2 , [88] PbO 2 , [88,89] BDD (boron-doped diamond), [90] Ti/Ru 0.1 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.7 O 2 , [91] and photoassisted electrocatalysis [91] as well as using mediators (K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]) to enhance electron transfer, [92,93] and nitroaromatic oxidants to lower reactiont emperatures.…”

Section: Electrocatalytic Treatment Of Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[54, 140 141] Among other organic molecules, such as methanol, [142][143][144][145] ethanol, [146][147][148][149][150][151] glycerol, [152,153] 5-HMF, [154,155] or even whole biomass, [156,157] lignin oxidation has been explored as al ower cost and lower energy alternative to water electrolysis to replaceanodic oxidation while co-generating hydrogen at lower potentials. Early studies by Ghatak et al demonstrated that BL electrolysis occurred at al ower potential [83,84] and could be optimized to produce CO 2 -free hydrogen gas with high energye fficiency. [85] Nong et al also demonstrated that electrolysiso fB Lu sing ac ationic electrolytic reactor equipped with ac ation-exchange membrane can result in the recovery of 80.4 %N aOH and 76 %b iomass residue while cogenerating 0.82 go fhydrogen gas.…”

Section: Electrochemical Degradation Of Lignin For Hydrogen Co-producmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener Routes to Biomass Waste Valorization: Lignin Transformation Through Electrocatalysis for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels Production

et al. 2020

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Lignin valorization is essential for biorefineries to produce fuels and chemicals for a sustainable future. Today's biorefineries pursue profitable value propositions for cellulose and hemicellulose; however, lignin is typically used mainly for its thermal energy value. To enhance the profit potential for biorefineries, lignin valorization would be a necessary practice. Lignin valorization is greatly advantaged when biomass carbon is retained in the fuel and chemical products and when energy quality is enhanced by electrochemical upgrading. Though lignin upgrading and valorization are very desirable in principle, many barriers involved in lignin pretreatment, extraction, and depolymerization must be overcome to unlock its full potential. This Review addresses the electrochemical transformation of various lignins with the aim of gaining a better understanding of many of the barriers that currently exist in such technologies. These studies give insight into electrochemical lignin depolymerization and upgrading to value‐added commodities with the end goal of achieving a global low‐carbon circular economy.

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“…Electrolysis cells usually use water, but other substrates are also possible. The usage of ammonia, methanol, urea, or even black liquor, a byproduct of the paper industries, is possible and subject to intense research.…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

H₂ generation from alkaline electrolyzer

Bodner

Hofer

Hacker

2014

WIREs Energy & Environment

107

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Water electrolysis is a promising approach to hydrogen production from renewable energy sources. Even though it is not necessarily environmentally friendly and a large number of possible feedstocks for hydrogen production include fossil resources such as coal, natural gas, and mineral oil, but also biomass, water, and components such as ethanol, methane, or ammonia can be used for hydrogen production. Also, a large variety of different energy sources can be used for hydrogen production. The combination of hydrogen production with renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaics, hydropower, or wind energy is very suitable though. Many innovative processes have been subject to intense research and some have already reached high efficiencies. Alkaline water electrolyzers with anion-conducting membranes hold many advantages in comparison to other systems. As cheaper, non-noble metals are stable in alkaline media, the relatively low cost of the electrode materials is one of the main advantages of alkaline systems over electrolyzers using proton-conducting electrolytes. Therefore, the main part of published literature on alkaline electrolysis describes electrodes based on low cost materials such as nickel for both anode and cathode. Yet still alkaline water electrolyzers have to compete against other forms of hydrogen production, such as steam reforming of natural gas. Even though many studies expect water electrolysis to become economically viable on a long-term basis, conventional hydrogen production is still hard to under-price.

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Electrode processes in black liquor electrolysis and their significance for hydrogen production

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Greener Routes to Biomass Waste Valorization: Lignin Transformation Through Electrocatalysis for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels Production

H₂ generation from alkaline electrolyzer

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Electrode processes in black liquor electrolysis and their significance for hydrogen production

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on Characteristics of Straw-Based Binderless Fiberboards with Pulping Effluent

Greener Routes to Biomass Waste Valorization: Lignin Transformation Through Electrocatalysis for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels Production

H2 generation from alkaline electrolyzer

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H₂ generation from alkaline electrolyzer