Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Aluminium from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloroaluminate with Niacinamide as an Efficient Additive

Abstract

Nanocrystalline aluminium has been used as a promising energetic material due to its unique properties. However, the traditional methods for nanocrystalline aluminium production suffer from many inherent problems, which restrict the large-scale industrial application. In this paper, a systematic study was carried out on the nucleation mechanism and electrodeposition behaviour of nanocrystalline aluminium in Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate ionic liquid. It was found that niacinamide could be used as an effective additive in the preparation of nanocrystalline aluminium. According to electrochemical measurements and computational calculations, niacinamide was highly electroactive and polarized, which is probably attributed to nonuniform distributions of positive and negative charges on niacinamide. Its strong interaction with the electrode and subsequent adsorption onto the surface of aluminium nuclei prevented the further growth of crystals. Consequently, nanocrystalline aluminium was obtained at 313.2−333.2 K and 3−6 mA/cm 2 from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate that contained 8−12 mmol/kg niacinamide. Smooth and compact aluminium crystals with a minimum grain size of 20−30 nm could be electrodeposited at 313.2 K and 6 mA/cm 2 with 8−12 mmol/kg niacinamide. The molar concentration of additive, temperature and current density were confirmed as the major influencing factors in the electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminium from the chloroaluminate ionic liquid. It is expected that this work may be useful for the future preparation and application of nanocrystalline aluminium.

Influence of PUB2 on the Leveling Effect of Chip Copper Connection Electroplating: Mechanism and Applications

“…Overall, rotational speed appears to have minimal to negligible impact on system potential, indicating that PUB2 acts solely on the electrodeposition process. 24 Following the addition of Cl – , SPS, and PEG successively, the curve potential stabilizes at approximately −0.71 V. The cathode potential negative shift rate and amplitude are essentially the same after adding PUB2 at high and low speeds, further indicating that PUB2 primarily controls the kinetics of the electrodeposition process. 25 Furthermore, in the presence of PUB2, the deposition potential at 100 rpm is lower than that at 1000 rpm, indicating a reduced cathode overpotential at the center of the through-holes compared to that on the surface after times > 1800 s. This condition is more favorable for achieving uniform through-hole electrodeposition.…”

“…The potential is significantly reduced, and strong polarization occurs when PUB2 is added at 300 s, Cl – is added at 800 s, SPS is added at 1300 s, and PEG is added at 1800 s at both high and low speeds. Overall, rotational speed appears to have minimal to negligible impact on system potential, indicating that PUB2 acts solely on the electrodeposition process . Following the addition of Cl – , SPS, and PEG successively, the curve potential stabilizes at approximately −0.71 V. The cathode potential negative shift rate and amplitude are essentially the same after adding PUB2 at high and low speeds, further indicating that PUB2 primarily controls the kinetics of the electrodeposition process .…”