Electrodeposition of Zinc and Zinc Alloys

Abstract

Zinc has a standard reversible potential [À0.76 V/standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)] that is more negative than that of iron (Fe/Fe 2 þ -0.44V/SHE). For this reason zinc is used for sacrificial cathodic protection of steel against corrosion.According to Fischer [1], in metal electrodeposition, zinc can be considered as an intermediate metal, giving rise to medium values of overpotentials due to secondary inhibition resulting from adsorbed hydrolized species.In acid sulfate solutions without an organic additive, BR metallographic cross-sectional structures are obtained (BR: basis reproduction; coherent deposits with coarse crystals whose diameter increases with the deposit thickness; see Fig. 10.1). In chloride electrolytes, even coarser grains are observed, because of the more activating character of chloride ions against sulfate ions [2] and despite the complex formation in solution [3, p. 464]. In cyanide baths, on the other hand, much finer grains are obtained, and the deposits pertain to the FT (field-oriented texture: coherent deposits, with elongated crystals perpendicular to the substrate, with almost constant diameter throughout the deposit thickness) or UD types (UD: unoriented dispersion type; coherent deposit, with small crystals showing three-dimensional nucleation to occur all the time during electrodeposition). Figure 10.2 shows a deposit obtained in a cyanide solution without an organic additive: the structure is initially FT, but it becomes progressively bad. Going from a cyanide bath to a noncyanide alkaline bath should result in still worse deposits because electrolyte complexation decreases [3] and exchange current density increases [4, pp. 528-543].Accordingly, when rather thick deposits are needed and/or if a bright surface is required, organic additives are always present at high concentration (1 g L À1 or more). This always occurs in barrel-and-rack plating of small pieces of equipment, because the local current densities will vary over a wide range. For continuous plating on steel sheets or wires, constant current density and rather good hydrodynamic control may be achieved over the whole cathodic surface, and organic additives are not so much in use.Whatever the pH, zinc is always more negative than hydrogen [5]. In electrolytes where zinc is complexed, its standard reversible potential is still more negative; for instance, for cyanide baths, the reversible potential for reactionin alkaline solution is À1.26 V/SHE [6]. Consequently hydrogen evolution occurs at the cathode as a competitor to zinc deposition, resulting in a decrease of current efficiency and eventually in some atomic hydrogen diffusion into the substrate.Finally, in industrial processes electrolytic plating is an alternative to hot-dip galvanizing. Both processes have advantages and disadvantages. Continual technological improvements make it difficult to conclude in favor of one process over the other. However, hot dip always includes some surface alloying by diffusion, and the deposit thickness is less easily controlled th...

Zinc-Iron Flow Batteries with Common Electrolyte

“…31,[37][38][39] A comparison between the voltammograms of the iron, zinc, and mixed zinc-iron systems is shown in Figure 2. It is noteworthy that in the iron-only solution (E 0 = −0.66 V Ag/AgCl ), there is about 360 mV of overpotential before the onset of significant reduction currents, compared to about 80 mV for zinc-containing solutions (E 0 = −0.98 V Ag/AgCl ).…”

Corrosion fatigue of coated AISI 4340 high strength steel with dent damage

“…Figure 7 shows the fatigue life diagram, ie, stress range at the dent root, Δσ versus number of failure cycles (Δσ-N) relationship, for all 3 types of specimens with the dent. Again, in each set, 3 types of specimens were Cd-coated specimens (2 and 5), Zn-Ni-coated specimens (1 and 4), and uncoated shotpeened specimens (3)(4)(5)(6), dented nominal stress range Zn-Ni-D (7), and undented nominal stress range Zn-Ni (8). The last type of specimens was tested to develop the baseline data.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Automotive parts have used extensively Zn-Ni as the protective layer against corrosion for more than 20 years. Electroplated cadmium (Cd) has been used for a long time as a coating for steel components to protect them from the corrosion.…”

Electrodeposited zinc grid as low-cost solar cell front contact

“…Boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) is a widely used additive in the zinc plating and more generally in metal plating industries . The mechanism by which boric acid operates in metal electrodeposition is complex and still unclear.…”

“…Current densities recorded at À1.50 V versus SCE as function of Zn concentration in the bath (a). Potential recorded for an applied current of À100 mA cm À2 at 0.6 M. Electrodeposited zinc grid as solar cell front contact F. Tsin et al [10,11]. The mechanism by which boric acid operates in metal electrodeposition is complex and still unclear.…”