Electrolysis of water at strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photoelectrodes: distinguishing between the statistical and stochastic formalisms for electron-transfer processes in fuel-forming photoelectrochemical systems

Particle Suspension Reactors and Materials for Solar-Driven Water Splitting

“…There are pros and cons to absorbing less light. It could be problematic because the open-circuit photovoltage of a particle must exceed (E fuel À E bias ) in order to drive net water-splitting chemistry, 43 and the open-circuit photovoltage decreases by (a  (2.303RT/F) = a  59.2 mV) per order-ofmagnitude decrease in absorbed photon flux (at room temperature), based on the diode equation, and where a is the dimensionless diode quality factor (dqf) and has a value of one for an ideal diode. Thus, to a first approximation particles located deeper in the vessels may not be capable of splitting water, and instead will act as shunts for recombination of H 2 and O 2 to form water ( Fig.…”

The electronic and optical properties of carbon-doped SrTiO3: Density functional characterization

“…This viewpoint will be confirmed by the formation energy data (see next subsection). For C@Ti, the C atom forms six C-O bonds with adjacent O atoms (CO 6 ). The optimized C-O bond lengths are 1.805 Å [see Fig.…”

“…Among these ABO 3 perovskites, the cubic SrTiO 3 is one of the most promising candidates for solar energy utilization and environmental cleanup, and has been the center of attention in recent years. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, similar to TiO 2 , the photoreaction efficiency of SrTiO 3 is severely restricted by its large intrinsic band gap (>3 eV), which results in absorbing only about 5% of the solar energy in the ultraviolet (UV) region. Therefore, it is highly desirable to modulate the electronic structure of SrTiO 3 so as to extend the optical absorption edge to the visible-light region.…”

Combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput photopotential and photocurrent screening of mixed-metal oxides for photoelectrochemical water splitting

“…The FTO was then treated with SurfaSil Siliconizing Solution (Pierce) to make the surface hydrophobic, and rinsed sequentially with isopropanol, water, and again with isopropanol, before being dried under a stream of N 2 (g). The metal nitrates Al(NO 3 ) 3 3 , and Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (all from Aldrich and $ 98% purity), and a water-stable titanium complex, titanium(IV) bis(ethyl aceto-acetato)diisopropoxide (Tyzor LA, Aldrich), were used as received. The metal solutions for inkjet printing were made by dissolving sufficient metal salt into a base stock ink solution (MIS Associates) to produce 0.5 M metal ion concentrations.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] However, these materials have band gaps of 3 eV or larger, and hence have relatively poor overlap with the solar spectrum at the surface of the earth. This poor spectral overlap results in these materials having overall solar energy-to-fuels conversion efficiencies of 1-2%.…”