Electrolyte concentrations in saliva of children aged 6-10 years with Down syndrome

Siqueira, Walter L.; Oliveira, Elisabeth de; Mustacchi, Zan; Nicolau, José Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.04.007

Cited by 53 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There are conflicting reports regarding the salivary pH of individuals with DS in comparison to controls; no difference (8,10,11,23), higher pH (24) and a lower pH (25) have been observed. We believe that the conflicting reports in the literature about the pH levels in DS may be attributed to different measurement methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome

Areias¹,

Pereira²,

Azevedo³

et al. 2012

Clinics

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OBJECTIVES:Although individuals with Down syndrome have considerable oral disease, the prevalence of dental caries in this group is low. The present study aimed to compare known risk factors for dental caries development in children with Down syndrome and a matched population (siblings). In both populations, the number of acidogenic microorganisms, such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species, and the paraffin-stimulated pH, flow rate and IgA concentration in whole saliva were evaluated and compared.METHOD:Saliva was collected, and the caries index was evaluated in 45 sibling pairs aged between 6 and 18 years old. The salivary IgA concentration was determined by immunoturbidimetry. Salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species were quantified on mitis salivarius agar containing bacitracin and 20% sucrose, rogosa agar supplemented with glacial acetic acid and sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, respectively.RESULTS:Down syndrome children had a higher caries-free rate (p<0.05) and lower salivary mutans streptococci counts (p<0.03) compared to their siblings. Similar numbers of lactobacilli and Candida species were found in both groups. Salivary flow rates were 36% lower in Down syndrome children compared to their siblings (p<0.05). The salivary pH did not differ between Down syndrome children and controls. The Down syndrome children had an IgA secretion rate 29% lower than that of their siblings, but this difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS:In conclusion, the lower number of mutans streptococci in the saliva may be one of the factors contributing to the lower caries rate observed in Down syndrome children, despite evidence of hyposalivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome

Areias¹,

Pereira²,

Azevedo³

et al. 2012

Clinics

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“…Written informed consent was acquired from all subjects in this study. Whole saliva from 3 healthy subjects were collected between 9:00 and 11:00 A.M. under masticatory stimulation using Parafilm, 25 cm 2 ∼1 g [18]. The samples were kept on ice during the collection procedure, and immediately after collection centrifuged at 14,000× g for 20 min at 4°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Effect of Fluoride on the Acquired Enamel Pellicle

et al. 2012

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The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is a thin film formed by the selective adsorption of salivary proteins onto the enamel surface of teeth. The AEP forms a critical interface between the mineral phase of teeth (hydroxyapatite) and the oral microbial biofilm. This biofilm is the key feature responsible for the development of dental caries. Fluoride on enamel surface is well known to reduce caries by reducing the solubility of enamel to acid. Information on the effects of fluoride on AEP formation is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluoride treatment on hydroxyapatite on the subsequent formation of AEP. In addition, this study pioneered the use of label-free quantitative proteomics to better understand the composition of AEP proteins. Hydroxyapatite discs were randomly divided in 4 groups (n = 10 per group). Each disc was exposed to distilled water (control) or sodium fluoride solution (1, 2 or 5%) for 2 hours. Discs were then washed and immersed in human saliva for an additional 2 hours. AEP from each disc was collected and subjected to liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for protein identification, characterization and quantification. A total of 45 proteins were present in all four groups, 12 proteins were exclusively present in the control group and another 19 proteins were only present in the discs treated with 5% sodium fluoride. Relative proteomic quantification was carried out for the 45 proteins observed in all four groups. Notably, the concentration of important salivary proteins, such as statherin and histatin 1, decrease with increasing levels of fluoride. It suggests that these proteins are repulsed when hydroxyapatite surface is coated with fluoride. Our data demonstrated that treatment of hydroxyapatite with fluoride (at high concentration) qualitatively and quantitatively modulates AEP formation, effects which in turn will likely impact the formation of oral biofilms.

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“…Whole saliva was collected by chewing a piece of Parafilm (25 cm 2 , approx. 1.40 g, American National Can TM , Chicago, Ill., USA) and spitting into a graduated tube immersed in ice [Siqueira et al, 2004]. After collection, whole saliva was immediately centrifuged (14,000 g ) at 4 ° C for 20 min, and the resulting whole saliva supernatant was separated from the pellet.…”

Section: Saliva Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dialyzed Saliva on Human Enamel Demineralization

Martins

Castro²,

Siqueira³

et al. 2012

Caries Res

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Background: Saliva is supersaturated with respect to calcium and phosphate ions. Salivary ions may well play a role in the subsequent adsorption of proteins and consequently in the formation of the acquired enamel pellicle. Among several biological functions, the enamel pellicle forms a selectively permeable barrier that regulates demineralization processes. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of salivary proteins when adsorbed on enamel surface and the resultant protective effect against demineralization without the presence of salivary ions. Methods: Enamel surfaces were coated with whole saliva, parotid saliva, dialyzed whole saliva or dialyzed parotid saliva (molecular weight cutoff 1 kDa). Adsorption was allowed to proceed for a period of 2 h. Enamel specimens were then washed with deionized water and immersed into a demineralization solution of pH 4.5 for 12 days. This solution was used to measure the amount of calcium and phosphate released from enamel specimens after the demineralization period. Results: All coated specimen groups showed a significantly higher protection than those not coated with any type of saliva. In addition, undialyzed saliva (whole saliva and parotid saliva) was more effective in protecting the enamel against demineralization than dialyzed saliva. Conclusion: The present investigation indicates that the ionic composition of saliva can amplify the demineralization protection effect by reducing acid-induced enamel demineralization. Moreover, a protective effect of salivary proteins without presence of ions was demonstrated in this study.

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Electrolyte concentrations in saliva of children aged 6-10 years with Down syndrome

Cited by 53 publications

References 16 publications

Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome

Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Effect of Fluoride on the Acquired Enamel Pellicle

Effect of Dialyzed Saliva on Human Enamel Demineralization

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