“…Stainless steel and copper have high conductivity, relatively lower cost, a high specific surface area, and a great scale-up potential, but they are not corrosion resistant, especially in electrolytes containing chloride ions [51,52]. Titanium possesses many advantages, including nontoxicity, good biocompatibility, anti-corrosion characteristics, and, most importantly, good dimensional stability; however, the disadvantage is its poor activity towards electron transfer between titanium and bacteria [49,53,54]. Nickel, as a stable, low-cost electrode with high mechanical strength, has been developed as a surface for biofilm growth [55].…”