Electromagnetic Absorption in the Head of Adults and Children Due to Mobile Phone Operation Close to the Head

Salles, Álvaro Augusto Almeida de; Bulla, Giovani; Rodríguez, Claudio Enrique Fernández

doi:10.1080/15368370601054894

Cited by 48 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This contrasts strongly with Bit-Babik et al (2005) , who, again using modelling, concluded that head size was irrelevant and absorption levels were similar for adult and children's heads. The elevated exposure fi ndings of Gandhi are replicated also by modelling by de Salles et al (2006) , who also found that elevations of up to 60% occurred in small heads. Since ownership of mobile phones ranges from 97% of 9+ year-old children in Italy (Dimonte and Ricchiuto, 2006) , 76% in Hungary (Mezei et al, 2007) and 36% in Germany (Bohler and Schuz, 2004) , then consideration of exposure effects is particularly important.…”

Section: The Problemsupporting

confidence: 59%

Cognitive Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Humans

Preece

2009

Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems

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Electromagnetic fi elds interact with human tissue in a number of ways, depending on power level and frequency, and have been long suspected by some to give rise to harmful effects. In particular, the use of a mobile phone against the head has aroused suspicions of various cognitive effects. Accordingly, there have been a large number of studies of behavioural effects from ELF, RF and microwave exposure, mostly as provocation experiments. This chapter discusses the ways and means of doing this, the confusion of physiological effects variously observed and the problem of inconsistency of results. In animal studies, exposure levels have been suffi cient to elicit responses, which largely appear to be related to heating effects, whereas similar studies are not ethically easy in humans. Accordingly, many of the studies have sought to explore non-thermal responses, mediated either through induced currents in neurological tissue or biochemical responses directly in cells. Effects reported for ELF tend to be dissimilar to those for RF and this may be more to do with the physical interaction with tissue than anything more fundamental. It is the possible existence of non-thermal effects that has largely been considered here and also the problem of studies in children who have been urged to restrain mobile phone use. Some important consequences have been observed such as the effect of phone use on driving, but largely the conclusion of detailed provocation studies is that short term or acute exposure to ELF or RF within the established guidelines may not be a hazard to humans, which suggests that the increasing use of RF technology may not itself be harmful.

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Section: The Problemsupporting

confidence: 59%

Cognitive Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Humans

Preece

2009

Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems

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“…For example, children's brains are still undergoing rapid growth and there is the possibility that this may make them more vulnerable to small stressors [Romeo and McEwen, 2006]. There have also been some reports suggesting that children may absorb more EMF than adults due to their different physiognomy [de Salles et al, 2006], however, current research suggests that differences between children and adults are likely to be slight compared to the variances observed within the study [Wiart et al, 2008].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on human alpha rhythms: Resting EEG in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly

Croft

Leung

McKenzie

et al. 2010

Bioelectromagnetics

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The present study was conducted to determine whether adolescents and/or the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone (MP)-related bioeffects than young adults, and to determine this for both 2nd generation (2G) GSM, and 3rd generation (3G) W-CDMA exposures. To test this, resting alpha activity (8-12 Hz band of the electroencephalogram) was assessed because numerous studies have now reported it to be enhanced by MP exposure. Forty-one 13-15 year olds, forty-two 19-40 year olds, and twenty 55-70 year olds were tested using a double-blind crossover design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days. Alpha activity, during exposure relative to baseline, was recorded and compared between conditions. Consistent with previous research, the young adults' alpha was greater in the 2G compared to Sham condition, however, no effect was seen in the adolescent or the elderly groups, and no effect of 3G exposures was found in any group. The results provide further support for an effect of 2G exposures on resting alpha activity in young adults, but fail to support a similar enhancement in adolescents or the elderly, or in any age group as a function of 3G exposure.

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“…For example, as the child and adolescent years are critical periods for brain and cognitive development (Yurgelun-Todd 2007), there is the possibility that this may make them more vulnerable to small stressors (Romeo and McEwen, 2006). There have also been some reports suggesting that children and adolescents may absorb more EMF than adults due to their different physical characteristics (de Salles et al, 2006). However, current research suggests that differences between children and adults are likely to be slight compared to the variances observed within the study (Wiart et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on performance and electrophysiology in adolescents, young adults and older adults

Leung¹,

Croft²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2011

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective:This study was conducted to examine sensory and cognitive processing in adolescents, young adults and older adults, when exposed to 2nd (2G) and 3rd (3G) generation mobile phone signals. Methods:Tests employed were the auditory oddball and the N-back. Forty-one 13-15 year olds, forty-two 19-40 year olds and twenty 55-70 year olds were tested using a double-blind cross-over design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days. Results:Accuracy was not affected by exposure overall, but an augmented N1 was found in the 2G condition (independent of age group). The combined groups performed less accurately on the N-back during the 3G exposure (compared to Sham), with post hoc tests finding this effect in the adolescents only. No effect of 2G exposure on N-back was found either overall or in any group separately, and no effect of 2G or 3G exposure was found on reaction time. Neurophysiological underpinnings (event-related alpha; ERA) of the 3G behavioural effects were also affected, with more early ERA and slower late ERA in the 3G (compared to Sham). Conclusion/Significance:Employing tasks tailored to each individual's ability level, this study provides support for an effect of acute 3G exposure on human cognitive function.

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Electromagnetic Absorption in the Head of Adults and Children Due to Mobile Phone Operation Close to the Head

Cited by 48 publications

References 17 publications

Cognitive Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Humans

Cognitive Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Humans

Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on human alpha rhythms: Resting EEG in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly

Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on performance and electrophysiology in adolescents, young adults and older adults

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