The existing cell phone certification process uses a plastic model of the head called the Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM), representing the top 10% of U.S. military recruits in 1989 and greatly underestimating the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for typical mobile phone users, especially children. A superior computer simulation certification process has been approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) but is not employed to certify cell phones. In the United States, the FCC determines maximum allowed exposures. Many countries, especially European Union members, use the "guidelines" of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), a non governmental agency. Radiofrequency (RF) exposure to a head smaller than SAM will absorb a relatively higher SAR. Also, SAM uses a fluid having the average electrical properties of the head that cannot indicate differential absorption of specific brain tissue, nor absorption in children or smaller adults. The SAR for a 10-year old is up to 153% higher than the SAR for the SAM model. When electrical properties are considered, a child's head's absorption can be over two times greater, and absorption of the skull's bone marrow can be ten times greater than adults. Therefore, a new certification process is needed that incorporates different modes of use, head sizes, and tissue properties. Anatomically based models should be employed in revising safety standards for these ubiquitous modern devices and standards should be set by accountable, independent groups.

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Given the current high level of technology, it is necessary to continually discuss and review the topic of ethics in the academic environment. Technological tools did not recreate the ethical standard, but began to offer students alternatives, facilitating practices such as cheating, plagiarism, and falsification, which have made the challenges for educational institutions even more complex. This article shows the damage and losses that academic dishonesty may pose to society, as it reflects on the ethical standards of future professionals. The authors sought to characterize the main types of academic dishonesty, present examples of how some unethical practices have been openly tolerated and how some medical schools approach this subject in their curriculum matrices, compare how the issue is dealt with in other cultures, and finally, present some general recommendations on changes that can contribute to improving the ethical and moral standards in academic relations. Keywords: Scientific misconduct. Plagiarism. Copyright. Ethics. Fraud. Education, higher. ResumoDesonestidade acadêmica: reflexos na formação ética dos profissionais de saúde Em vista do elevado grau tecnológico da atualidade, precisa-se continuamente discutir e revisar a temática da ética no ambiente acadêmico. As ferramentas tecnológicas não recriaram o padrão ético, mas passaram a oferecer alternativas aos alunos, facilitando práticas como "cola", plágio e falsificações, o que tornou ainda mais complexo o desafio da instituição de ensino. Este artigo aponta os prejuízos que a desonestidade acadêmica pode representar para a sociedade, na medida em que refletem no padrão ético dos futuros profissionais. Buscou-se caracterizar os principais tipos de desonestidade acadêmica, indicar exemplos de como algumas práticas são toleradas de forma aberta e de como algumas escolas médicas trabalham o tema em suas matrizes curriculares, comparar como outras culturas tratam essa questão, e, por fim, apresentam-se algumas recomendações gerais acerca de mudanças que possam contribuir para a melhoria do padrão ético e moral nas relações acadêmicas. Palavras-chave: Má conduta científica. Plágio. Direitos autorais. Ética. Fraude. Educação superior. ResumenDeshonestidad académica: efectos sobre la formación ética de los profesionales de la salud Dado el alto nivel actual de la tecnología, es necesario discutir y revisar constantemente el tema de la éti-ca en el ámbito académico. Las herramientas tecnológicas no reformularon el estándar ético, pero ofrecen alternativas a los estudiantes, y facilitan prácticas como hacer trampa, plagio y falsificaciones, lo cual tornó el desafío de la intuición de enseñanza aún más complejo. Este artículo científico analiza los daños que la deshonestidad académica puede representar a la sociedad, en la medida en que repercuten en el estándar ético de los futuros profesionales. Se procuró caracterizar los principales tipos de deshonestidad académica, presentar ejemplos de cómo se han tolerado abiertamente algunas de estas práctic...

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) produced by mobile phones in the head of adults and children is simulated using an algorithm based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Realistic models of the child and adult head are used. The electromagnetic parameters are fitted to these models. Comparison also are made with the SAR calculated in the children model when using adult human electromagnetic parameters values. Microstrip (or patch) antennas and quarter wavelength monopole antennas are used in the simulations. The frequencies used to feed the antennas are 1850 MHz and 850 MHz. The SAR results are compared with the available international recommendations. It is shown that under similar conditions, the 1g-SAR calculated for children is higher than that for the adults. When using the 10-year old child model, SAR values higher than 60% than those for adults are obtained.