Electromagnetic Biostimulation of Living Cultures for Biotechnology, Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications

Abstract

Abstract:The surge of interest in bioenergy has been marked with increasing efforts in research and development to identify new sources of biomass and to incorporate cuttingedge biotechnology to improve efficiency and increase yields. It is evident that various microorganisms will play an integral role in the development of this newly emerging industry, such as yeast for ethanol and Escherichia coli for fine chemical fermentation.However, it appears that microalgae have become the most promising prospect for biomass production due to their ability to grow fast, produce large quantities of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, thrive in poor quality waters, sequester and recycle carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases and remove pollutants from industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewaters. In an attempt to better understand and manipulate microorganisms for optimum production capacity, many researchers have investigated alternative methods for stimulating their growth and metabolic behavior. One such novel approach is the use of electromagnetic fields for the stimulation of growth and metabolic cascades and controlling biochemical pathways. An effort has been made in this review to consolidate the information on the current status of biostimulation research to enhance microbial growth and metabolism using electromagnetic fields. It summarizes information on the biostimulatory effects on growth and other biological processes to obtain insight regarding OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 104516 factors and dosages that lead to the stimulation and also what kind of processes have been reportedly affected. Diverse mechanistic theories and explanations for biological effects of electromagnetic fields on intra and extracellular environment have been discussed. The foundations of biophysical interactions such as bioelectromagnetic and biophotonic communication and organization within living systems are expounded with special consideration for spatiotemporal aspects of electromagnetic topology, leading to the potential of multipolar electromagnetic systems. The future direction for the use of biostimulation using bioelectromagnetic, biophotonic and electrochemical methods have been proposed for biotechnology industries in general with emphasis on an holistic biofuel system encompassing production of algal biomass, its processing and conversion to biofuel.

Biological Water Dynamics and Entropy: A Biophysical Origin of Cancer and Other Diseases

“…Moreover, the pH is thought to be acidic adjacent to the aqueous interphase [7] where the protomerism of nanomolecular ensembles of CD water produces long-range, dynamic, charge-separation by means of the Grotthuss phenomenon [103][104][105][106]108], The in vivo toxicity of hydrated aluminum sulfate to our bodies, whether orally, parenterally, or topically, may prove to be both autocatalytic and systemic, by virtue of interference with the Grotthuss phenomenon and the Josephson phenomenon [243,244]. To wit, insoluble aluminum hydroxide might readily form a floc precipitate responsible for colloid removal in vivo, via the following reaction [241,242] …”

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“…The use of mobile telephony devices, for example, could carry risks of developing brain tumor [1,2]. On the other hand, exposure to EM radiations have improved soybean germination rate [3], and significantly influenced the growth and metabolism of various microorganisms [4], including the growth enhancement of the cyanobacterium Spirulina plantensis by 50% [5]. Also, extremely high frequency exposure can enhance the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in rhizosphere of pine seeds [6].…”

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“…Estes efeitos dependem da intensidade, frequência e tempo de exposição ao CM o efeito pode ser estimulante, nulo ou inibitório (MONTOYA et al, 2005;HUNT et al, 2009). …”