Electromechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composites

Nemat‐Nasser, Sia; Li, Jiangyu

doi:10.1063/1.372343

Cited by 548 publications

(506 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It was firstly borrowed by Nemat-Nasser to set a physical model describing the ion flux of IPMCs in 2000, 10 which was improved further in 2002. 22 The equation is:…”

Section: Nernst-planck (Np) Equation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 a Email: hlchen@mail.xjtu.edu.cn Later he made a review of IPMCs models and classified them as three categories, physical model, empirical model and grey box model, and only the first of which is discussed here. 7 In 2000 De Gennes, 8 Tadokoro 9 and Nemat-Nasser 10 proposed three representative kinds of models respectively for IPMCs. IPMC is considered as a homogeneous triphasic material including mobile cations, water molecules and polymer network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic model of ion and water transport in ionic polymer-metal composites

et al. 2011

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In the process of electro-mechanical transduction of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), the transport of ion and water molecule plays an important role. In this paper, the theoretical transport models of IPMCs are critically reviewed, with particular emphasis on the recent developments in the latest decade. The models can be divided into three classes, thermodynamics of irreversible process model, frictional model and Nernst-Planck (NP) equation model. To some extent the three models can be transformed into each other, but their differences are also obvious arising from the various mechanisms that considered in different models. The transport of ion and water molecule in IPMCs is compared with that in membrane electrode assembly and electrodialysis membrane to identify and clarify the fundamental transport mechanisms in IPMCs. And an improved transport model is proposed and simplified for numerical analysis. The model considers the convection effect rather than the diffusion as the major transport mechanism, and both the self-diffusion and the electroosmosis drag are accounted for in the water flux equation

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“…It was firstly borrowed by Nemat-Nasser to set a physical model describing the ion flux of IPMCs in 2000, 10 which was improved further in 2002. 22 The equation is:…”

Section: Nernst-planck (Np) Equation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic model of ion and water transport in ionic polymer-metal composites

et al. 2011

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“…The chemical structure of a Nafion TM repeating unit is shown in Figure 1.1 below (35). In this figure, b is probably 1, a varies from 5 to 11, and M + is the mobile cation (64; 49).…”

Section: History Of Ionic Polymer Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this figure, b is probably 1, a varies from 5 to 11, and M + is the mobile cation (64; 49). Yeager (63;66), Gierke and Hsu (12), and Nemat-Nasser and Li (35) report that the Nafion TM polymer consists of hydrophilic "clusters" surrounded by hydrophobic regions. These hydrophilic clusters contain the sulfonate exchange sites and the mobile to understanding the mechanism of ionic motion within the polymer and the resulting deformation of the membrane.…”

Section: History Of Ionic Polymer Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture and characterization of ionic polymer transducers employing non-precious metal electrodes

Bennett¹,

Leo

2003

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Ionic polymer membranes are commonly used in fuel cell power generation, water electrolysis and desalinization, chlorine generation, and other niche applications. Since the early 1990s ionic polymer membranes have also shown promise as distributed electromechanical actuators and sensors. The cost of these materials is very high because of the expensive noble metals that are used as the electrodes in these applications, however. Currently, high cost of these devices has prevented them from experiencing widespread use. The goal of the current research project is to study new methods of plating metal electrodes onto ionic polymer membranes in order to reduce the cost of these materials and open the door for potential industrial, aerospace, and biomedical applications.At this time ionic polymer actuators are only made using gold or platinum as the electrode in a lengthy and labor-intensive process. The current research focuses on using less costly metals and revising the metal deposition process. Several new methods allowing for faster deposition of metals onto ionic polymer membranes are developed and evaluated including sputter-coating, electroless plating, and impregnation/reduction. Using these methods, metal electrodes have been plated onto ionic polymer membranes in processes resulting in a purely surface deposition and in processes resulting in interpenetration of the metal into the polymer. This work shows that electromechanical coupling is present with all of these processes, although results indicate that interpenetration of the electrode is important for good adhesion of the metal and good performance of the transducers.Also studied were different metals; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) testing shows that the use of non-noble metals as the electrodes results in oxidation of the metal and corresponding loss of performance in the actuator. Noble metals are found to not experience the oxidation problem. Further work shows that non-noble metals can be effectively employed as electrodes if alloyed with noble metals by using a co-reduction technique. Also ii studied is the use of protective coatings of noble metal to stabilize the non-noble metal electrodes. Using these approaches, a new plating method is developed and the stability of the electrodes made using this method is studied. These results indicate that samples made using this new process may be actauted continuously for over 150,000 cycles with very little degredation in their performance.Using this new plating method, ionic polymer membrane transducers can be made in less than five hours. Characterization of these new devices shows that they have a mass energy density of 4-20 mJ/kg in the cantilevered mode. This compares well with a baseline material, which is found to have a mass energy density of 3-12 mJ/kg. Composition and morphology of the electrodes made using the new method are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the density and tensile modulus are measured. The density of the new material is found to be app...

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“…Actuators and sensors can be made by an ionic poly mer metal composite (IPMC) [3,8,9,56,57,74,75,76,89], with a potential application as artificial muscles [3,8,9,10, such as salts [3], to achieve its functionality. The metal 56,57,67,76,94,95,112,114].…”

Section: Composites As Actuators and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%