Electromigration in metals

Ho, Paul S.; Kwok, Thomas

doi:10.1088/0034-4885/52/3/002

Cited by 753 publications

(416 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Electromigration has long been considered as the major failure mode in microelectronic circuitry. [83] While more recently, it has been well utilized to fabricate nanogap electrodes for nanodevices. [84][85][86][87][88][89] The passage of a large density current or application of a large direct current (dc) voltage to the thin metal wire predefined by electron-beam lithography would cause the electromigration of metal atoms and eventual breakage of the nanowire.…”

Section: Electromigration For Nanogap Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanogap Electrodes

2009

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Nanogap electrodes (namely, a pair of electrodes with a nanometer gap) are fundamental building blocks for the fabrication of nanometer‐sized devices and circuits. They are also important tools for the examination of material properties at the nanometer scale, even at the molecular scale. In this review, the techniques for the fabrication of nanogap electrodes, the preparation of assembled devices based on the nanogap electrodes, and the potential application of these nanodevices for analysis of material properties are introduced. The history, the research status, and the prospects of nanogap electrodes are also discussed.

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Section: Electromigration For Nanogap Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanogap Electrodes

2009

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“…The mobility of the dislocations and elements in steels is enhanced by electric-current for at least 3 orders of magnitude and is proportional to the peak current density [36][37]. This promotes the structure transformation by reducing the kinetic barriers and accelerating kinetics [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of κ-carbide interface structure on the formability of lightweight steels

Qin

2016

Materials & Design

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Abstractκ-carbide () in high aluminium (Al) steels is grown from austenite () via + or α+ ( represents ferrite), and is a lamellar structure. This work demonstrates that the formability of high Al lightweight steels is affected by the lattice misfit and interface shape between  and matrix. The cold workability can be improved by either to change the steel chemical constitution or to implement an electro-thermo-mechanical process. For ferrite-matrix-based high Al steel, electric-current promotes the spheroidization and refinement of  structure and reduces volume fraction of  phase. This retards the crack nucleation and propagation, and hence improves the materials formability. The observation is caused by a direct effect of electric-current rather than side effects.

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“…10 Besides, it is well known that the atomic fluxes of host and alloying atoms are not independent. 11 In the present paper the wind force is calculated on jumping alloying atoms and Al host atoms in the presence of alloying atoms. Results of these calculations are given in Sec.…”

Section: Vϭ D Kt F ͑2͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of the electromigration wind force in Al alloys

et al. 1999

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The electromigration wind force in various Al alloys is calculated using a Green's-function method for the calculation of the electronic structure. The influence of the environment of the jumping atoms is studied in detail in the Al-Cu alloy. Alloys of Al with 3d and 4sp alloying elements are studied systematically in order to investigate the relation between the electronic states of the alloying atom and the wind force. The study also includes several other alloys, which have been used in the past in attempts to increase electromigration lifetime. It is shown that the wind force on an Al host atom can be changed considerably by the presence of an alloying atom at particular positions near the jump path. This could be an additional contribution to the well-known decelerating effect of some alloying elements on electromigration in Al. ͓S0163-1829͑99͒01112-1͔

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Electromigration in metals

Cited by 753 publications

References 102 publications

Nanogap Electrodes

Nanogap Electrodes

Influence of κ-carbide interface structure on the formability of lightweight steels

Calculation of the electromigration wind force in Al alloys

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