Electron beam lithography of poly(glycidol) nanogels for immobilization of a three-enzyme cascade

Lockhart, Jacob N.; Hmelo, Anthony B.; Harth, Eva

doi:10.1039/c7py01904a

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Patterning surfaces at nano- and microlength scales with multiple functionalities is important to an array of biointeractive applications including the control of cell signaling , and cooperative reaction cascades in detection and diagnostics. − Notably, methods based on electron-beam (e-beam) lithography are of particular interest. Despite the fact that it is a serial process and is best suited for relatively small and planar surfaces, e-beam lithography brings differentiating advantages relative to photo and/or soft lithography.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…While the usefulness of PEG and other biorelevant polymers as additive surface-patterning materials has been amply demonstrated, ,,− relatively little is known about the underlying radiation chemistry driven by e-beam patterning. The problem is complicated by the fact that the patterned structures typically have microscale or nanoscale dimensions and do not lend themselves well to traditional wide-area characterization methods such as light-based spectroscopies or NMR.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Functional Changes during Electron-Beam Lithography of Biotinylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Thin Films

Teng

Libera

2019

ACS Macro Lett.

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In contrast to photolithography where particular wavelengths of light can couple to specific photochemistries, electron-beam lithography can drive competing chemistries. To separate surface-grafting, cross-linking, and chemical functionality, we studied the effects of 2 keV electrons on thin films of poly(ethylene glycol) end-functionalized with hydroxyls (PEG-OH) or biotins (PEG-B). Similarities in the dose-dependent thickness changes of the patterned PEGs indicate that surface grafting and cross-linking primarily involve the ethylene oxide main chain. While higher doses create thicker patterns with more biotin, the concurrent increase in thiol reactivity indicates that crosslinking competes with biotin degradation. The dose window for optimal e-beam patterning of biotinylated PEG is very narrow. Biotin is entirely consumed at higher doses. Its modified functionality is reactive with 5-((2-(and-3)-S-(acetylmercapto) succinoyl) amino) (SAMSA). This effect creates a dose-dependent orthogonal functionality that can be patterned from a single precursor thin film.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Functional Changes during Electron-Beam Lithography of Biotinylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Thin Films

Teng

Libera

2019

ACS Macro Lett.

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“…In the case of synthetic polymers, there is an interesting report on poly(glycidol) nanogels [160] , similar to trehalose-based resist [153,154] . Nanogel acts as a negative-tone resist and a stabilizing agent for encapsulated proteins, particularly for patterning the three-enzymes cascade.…”

Section: Non-bio-derived Resistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gentle Patterning Approaches toward Compatibility with Bio‐Organic Materials and Their Environmental Aspects

Grebenko

Motovilov

Bubis

et al. 2022

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Advances in material science, bio-electronic, and implantable medicine combined with recent requests for eco-friendly materials and technologies inevitably formulate new challenges for nano-and micro-patterning techniques. Overall, the importance of creating micro and nanostructures is motivated by a large manifold of fundamental and applied properties accessible only at the nanoscale. Lithography is a crucial family of fabrication methods to create prototypes and produce devices on an industrial scale. The pure trend in the miniaturization of critical electronic semiconducting components is recently enhanced by implementing bio-organic systems in electronics. So far, significant efforts have been made to find novel lithographic approaches and develop old ones to reach compatibility with delicate bio-organic systems and minimize the impact on the environment. Herein, we briefly review such delicate materials and sophisticated patterning techniques.

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“…Nanogels (NGs) can be defined as submicron-sized hydrogels, formed by physically or chemically crosslinked polymeric chains which give rise to a three-dimensional (3D) tunable porous network with a high capacity to absorb water, without actually dissolving into an aqueous medium [7]. Typically, they are characterized by spherical shape, but other configurations can occur depending on the fabrication methods: for example, micromolding techniques and photolithography allow nanogel size and shape to be controlled by modulating the surface energy and the chemical interactions among the polymers [8][9][10][11]. Moreover, NGs can be designed to have a crosslinked core-shell, a core-shell-corona or a bulk (similar to a 'ball of wool') structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Nanogels: Current Trends and Future Outlook

Mauri

Giannitelli

Trombetta

et al. 2021

Gels

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Nanogels represent an innovative platform for tunable drug release and targeted therapy in several biomedical applications, ranging from cancer to neurological disorders. The design of these nanocarriers is a pivotal topic investigated by the researchers over the years, with the aim to optimize the procedures and provide advanced nanomaterials. Chemical reactions, physical interactions and the developments of engineered devices are the three main areas explored to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional nanofabrication approaches. This review proposes a focus on the current techniques used in nanogel design, highlighting the upgrades in physico-chemical methodologies, microfluidics and 3D printing. Polymers and biomolecules can be combined to produce ad hoc nanonetworks according to the final curative aims, preserving the criteria of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Controlled polymerization, interfacial reactions, sol-gel transition, manipulation of the fluids at the nanoscale, lab-on-a-chip technology and 3D printing are the leading strategies to lean on in the next future and offer new solutions to the critical healthcare scenarios.

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Electron beam lithography of poly(glycidol) nanogels for immobilization of a three-enzyme cascade

Abstract: Nanogels devices with spatial confinement of multiple enzymes resulted in retention of bioactivity after 30 days with a 5 fold higher chromogenic output compared to free enzyme cascade devices.

Cited by 15 publications

References 49 publications

Functional Changes during Electron-Beam Lithography of Biotinylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Thin Films

Functional Changes during Electron-Beam Lithography of Biotinylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Thin Films

Gentle Patterning Approaches toward Compatibility with Bio‐Organic Materials and Their Environmental Aspects

Synthesis of Nanogels: Current Trends and Future Outlook

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