Electron-cyclotron heating of plasma in toroidal systems

Litvak, A. G.; Permitin, G. V.; Суворов, Е. В.; Frajman, A.A.

doi:10.1088/0029-5515/17/4/002

Cited by 123 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Absorption of the ordinary wave at the fundamental cyclotron resonance derives from the theory of the upper hybrid resonance frequency propagation in a warm plasma with non-vanishing density and may be considered as a finite-Larmorradius effect [6,7]. The wave damping increases with temperature and density and is at maximum for quasi-perpendicular propagation.…”

Section: Wave Propagation and Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wave damping increases with temperature and density and is at maximum for quasi-perpendicular propagation. The optical depth is approximately given by [6] (1) me where the total absorption integrated along the wave trajectory is given by…”

Section: Wave Propagation and Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a tokamak power reactor with a major radius of 6.0 m and a central temperature of 15 keV the required heating power is approximately 75 MW. Equation (21) is predicated on 100% coupling of the ECR radiation to the plasma, and any reduction in coupling will require an increase in P. Poor coupling and confinement will result, for example, if heating causes a tail of hot electrons [6]. Such tail heating was not observed in experiments at lower plasma densities [ 1 ], but may occur at higher heating intensities.…”

Section: Source Requirements For Ecr Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ta/Mo Stack Dual Metal Gate Technology Applicable to Gate-First Processes

Matsukawa

Liu

Endo

et al. 2007

jjap

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A set of constraints is derived for the operating characteristics of tokamak power reactors which are bulk-heated by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). Four heating modes are considered: ordinarywave heating at the electron cyclotron frequency, £2, and at the second-harmonic frequency, 2£2, and extraordinary-wave heating at J2 and at 2£2. For ordinary-wave heating at J2, which appears to be the most promising method, the wave frequency w « J2 must exceed the plasma frequency, co p , for wave penetration into the plasma. The authors' main conclusion is that the need for high-density operation (n o >4 X 10 2O m" 3 ) in moderate-size tokamak reactors, coupled with the wave accessibility condition S2>GJ P , leads to the requirement of frequencies in the 200-GHz range for ECRH of reactor plasmas. A further condition on the heating frequency may be derived by consideration of the ignition condition using empirical scaling laws for the energy confinement time. This latter condition does not increase the heating frequency requirement unless impurities are present or the energy confinement degrades with increasing temperature. It is also found that, for ordinary-wave heating at J2, the average plasma B is limited to less than 0.039 for a central temperature below 15 keV, assuming parabolic density and temperature profiles. The use of extraordinary heating at £2 might lower the frequency requirement for ECRH of a reactor. However, it appears to be unattractive for reactor operation because, in order for the wave to penetrate to the centre of the plasma, the heating ports must be located on the inside of the torus. High-beta, lowerfield reactors can be heated from the outboard side of the torus with second-harmonic radiation. However, these devices will have to be heated at frequencies which are as high as or higher than those needed for devices which are heated with the ordinary wave at the fundamental frequency. Extrapolation of cyclotron resonance maser (gyrotron) technology to provide modular heating systems in the 200-GHz range is discussed.

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Section: Wave Propagation and Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wave Propagation and Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Source Requirements For Ecr Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ta/Mo Stack Dual Metal Gate Technology Applicable to Gate-First Processes

Matsukawa

Liu

Endo

et al. 2007

jjap

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“…A main mechanism of plasma heating used in experimental (ITER) and pilot‐plant (DEMO) controlled‐fusion (CF) facilities is the phenomenon of electron‐cyclotron resonance—absorption of the energy of the electromagnetic field by an ensemble of electrons at a frequency close to the frequency of electron rotation in the magnetic field. According to the estimates of the plasma community and existent concepts, the ITER facility alone requires from 24 to 50 continuous‐wave megawatt sources that generate at a frequency of 170 GHz .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of master oscillator for frequency locking of a complex of megawatt level microwave sources

Денисов

Kuftin

Мануилов

et al. 2020

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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We present the results of the development of a highly stable gyrotron (with long‐term stability of an operating frequency of 170 GHz being equal to 10−9) for experiments on frequency locking and control of megawatt power sources. The electron‐optical and electrodynamic systems of the gyrotron are calculated and optimized, including the magnetron‐injection gun, interaction space, collector, and quasioptical converter of radiation into a Gaussian wave beam. Main requirements for such systems are described along with their specific features, which allow one to develop a relatively simple, low cost, and reliable master generator for synchronization of a large number of continuous‐wave megawatt gyrotrons. This reveals new possibilities for creation of gyrotron complexes capable of generation coherent radiation of nearly unlimited power levels.

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“…Absorption of the ordinary wave at the fundamental cyclotron resonance derives from the theory of propagation in a warm plasma with non-vanishing density 6,7 and may be considered as a finite Larmor radius effect. The wave damping increases with temperature and density and is at maximum for quasi-perpendicular…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of electron-cyclotron-resonance-heated tokamak power reactors

Wolfe¹,

Cohn²,

Temkin³

et al. 1979

Nucl. Fusion

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A set of constraints is derived for the operating characteristics of tokamak power reactors which are bulk heated by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH).Four heating modes are considered: ordinary wave heating at the electron cyclotron frequency, 0, and at the second harmonic frequency, 20, and extraordinary wave heating at 0 and at 20. For ordinary wave heating at 1, which appears to be the most promising method, the wave frequency w z 0 must exceed the plasma frequency, W p, for wave penetration into the plasma. Our main conclusion is that the need for high density operation (n > 4 x 1020m-3) in moderate size tokamak reactors, coupled with the wave accessibility condition 0 > w P, leads to the requirement of frequencies in the 200 GHz range for ECRH of reactor plasmas. A further condition on the heating frequency may be derived by consideration of the ignition condition using empirical scaling laws for the energy confinement time. This latter condition does not increase the heating frequency requirement unless impurities are present or the energy confinement degrades with increasing temperature. We also find that for ordinary wave heating at Q, the average plasma $ is limited to less than 0.039 for a central temperature below 15 keV, assuming parabolic density and temperature profiles. The use of extraordinary heating at Q might lower the frequency requirement for ECRH of a reactor. However, it appears to be unattractive for reactor operation because, in order for the wave to penetrate to the center of the plasma, the heating ports must be located on the-inside of the torus. High beta, lower field reactors can be heated from the outboard side of the torus with second harmonic radiation. However, these devices will have to be heated at frequencies which are as high or higher than those needed for devices which are heated with the ordinary wave at the fundamental frequency. Extrapolation of cyclotron resonance maser (gyrotron) technology to provide modular heating systems in the 200 GHz range is discussed.-2-

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Electron-cyclotron heating of plasma in toroidal systems

Cited by 123 publications

References 3 publications

Ta/Mo Stack Dual Metal Gate Technology Applicable to Gate-First Processes

Ta/Mo Stack Dual Metal Gate Technology Applicable to Gate-First Processes

Design of master oscillator for frequency locking of a complex of megawatt level microwave sources

Characteristics of electron-cyclotron-resonance-heated tokamak power reactors

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