“…For many years, some researchers attempt to substitute tetravalent ions like Ce 4þ , Te 4þ , Sn 4þ , Sb 4þ , and Pb 4þ at the La site in order to gain electron-doped manganites. 8,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] It is generally believed that the electron-doped manganites exhibit CMR effect via the double exchange (DE) between the Mn 3þ -Mn 2þ ions, instead of DE between Mn 3þ -Mn 4þ ions in holedoped compounds. This stimulates the hopes of manufacturing all manganites p-n junctions and spintronic devices in the near future.…”